{"as_of":"2026-08-11T20:43:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:2ba3fe68d074774706844fe366922cfb75ada98a29e63d16fdbb057bb36f866e","coverage":[{"denominator":29,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":29,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.996713Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":29,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":29,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":0,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"cited_works","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2501.05891/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2501.05891/integrity","json":"/paper/2501.05891/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.329987Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"4f8160fa-65b8-4728-bd29-01b388683e97","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":1,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.885414Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:329d3783acda46373d03e613d49f2af51cc0964a3300fd4fabe26c968ae97581","observation_id":"5f40ed84-4090-420a-8094-bf70d962ad4e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.333680Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2110.02861","last_updated":"2022-06-20T16:05:15Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T11:55:04.054344Z","submitted_at":"2021-10-06T15:43:20Z","title":"8-bit Optimizers via Block-wise Quantization","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2110.02861","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.889603Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":2,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.889603Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2110.02861","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:44e9fc1b6f540f0e614e9f2e3a4a0d9b544e4b6f9c1188e360b17a96e88ad1f6","observation_id":"563f671c-e81c-4388-8c1c-1abfaf7093da","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.889603Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.14314","last_updated":"2023-05-23T17:50:33Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-23T17:50:33Z","title":"QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.14314","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.893596Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":3,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.893596Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.14314","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0105178c746682c24b54d7f526b77445f26cb6ee1b6a129d0d3e4373f1852460","observation_id":"ffb8074a-aa6d-4268-8c62-5a528377ba0e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.893596Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.318414Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"a2b35799-7805-4d08-a436-7a2ba9c26a80","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.898037Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d859ebbb8d86cae0847e28d90d76b321ce6aa55cf14b7dfbb7fb017f51ba6526","observation_id":"8cc6b30c-8cd4-4732-9f19-1181912ed797","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.322844Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.306599Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"8757949b-9142-46ac-9c58-3afab3628423","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":5,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.901935Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f25c961069c6efcdb640053641b2dff482816f85f84a59c42923d41ba211a039","observation_id":"e2c07974-bd1e-4daf-b3c9-00cf18778b06","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.310798Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.295920Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"3008222d-ae46-4b00-ad6b-83325ceb0df0","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":6,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.905611Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3706b3df0cce4a0b16bce51587014f2ab63e3617b0e46a689c24b66fb6a7a286","observation_id":"4d111968-17cb-40ef-96eb-ab77df0fd761","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.299639Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1712.00409","last_updated":"2017-12-01T17:13:14Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T06:12:18.811024Z","submitted_at":"2017-12-01T17:13:14Z","title":"Deep Learning Scaling is Predictable, Empirically","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1712.00409","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.910115Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":7,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.910115Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1712.00409","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:af3e20589791c722f8d548db7de0d3af221dc389c61291e9f37f7e691fce8904","observation_id":"087e6d4a-17f0-4fc0-9482-d5e9d4712cf5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.910115Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2106.09685","last_updated":"2021-10-16T18:40:34Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T08:20:29.798517Z","submitted_at":"2021-06-17T17:37:18Z","title":"LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2106.09685","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.914038Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":8,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.914038Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2106.09685","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:62ed734d455c816d58454d914e4b40e01ba36ad0018b40872ee51c6d7253e76b","observation_id":"5d9d006b-aa98-4505-aae0-7521a069919f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.914038Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2401.04088","last_updated":"2024-01-08T18:47:34Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:16:25.839566Z","submitted_at":"2024-01-08T18:47:34Z","title":"Mixtral of Experts","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2401.04088","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.918438Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":9,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.918438Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2401.04088","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:799d230a9fc2304646dea0fcbc944ce447e6b9cf7db685096fd5cfcbdbf710ee","observation_id":"5ab70a4a-8aba-4711-92cd-c005b02180aa","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.918438Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.285020Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"9565b431-257d-417f-8fef-10177de984a4","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":10,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.923292Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0d57cbfd03e0e25876635955150b6862fe5ca0b39d82525ad9edd37ad3552c93","observation_id":"acaaac17-3b36-4020-a0cd-52e959f46956","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.288895Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1905.12322","last_updated":"2019-06-13T17:55:30Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T04:17:53.148033Z","submitted_at":"2019-05-29T10:50:32Z","title":"A Study of BFLOAT16 for Deep Learning Training","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1905.12322","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.927898Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":11,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.927898Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1905.12322","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c4b5132a8f945927f347784d0ef1a23830e06f51fc7d746c71097c167f32a652","observation_id":"d863e1c4-f048-4b0f-af39-8a83cc9bc25e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.927898Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.932719Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":12,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.932719Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1a1e540cbf0ed7e4694824074d07ed4ffcc08c6a978d994f74496ca9580769f8","observation_id":"bf87f588-c450-4f58-98c6-8437881274d4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.932719Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.936479Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":13,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.936479Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6d017482a8433bd4c91e91391849229bf6a9271b8597f67231e16ab94619c2e0","observation_id":"d544d831-97ba-4a74-9616-44b0d3cd6bad","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.936479Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.261298Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"bb31947f-afc7-49f4-a049-720b86d34390","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.940233Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5a01d9604c24ccc9ae40d7ef0304a21e236e77dce1aaeb5aec7410098247660f","observation_id":"1a47ffae-0d8a-42af-a68a-66ba7a6cceaf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.264398Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2303.13375","last_updated":"2023-04-12T16:48:39Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:07:11.623462Z","submitted_at":"2023-03-20T16:18:38Z","title":"Capabilities of GPT-4 on Medical Challenge Problems","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2303.13375","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.943440Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":15,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.943440Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2303.13375","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:77e41cb4b3b027dbf8cafd1d80b113e593848e4ac7199f6bd746d4aaa3f47e52","observation_id":"94894763-2b35-4c58-a4fe-61f5ef27a047","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.943440Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2408.13296","last_updated":"2024-10-30T01:04:15Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:13:30.100547Z","submitted_at":"2024-08-23T14:48:02Z","title":"The Ultimate Guide to Fine-Tuning LLMs from Basics to Breakthroughs: An Exhaustive Review of Technologies, Research, Best Practices, Applied Research Challenges and Opportunities","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2408.13296","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.947084Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":16,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.947084Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2408.13296","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8298e65fb894e3a5a773314cadb45395dcfab6e4bfd57bff5b16d4903d5a46dc","observation_id":"6fbf4880-09e8-4e1f-9845-26011a5771be","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.947084Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2308.11483","last_updated":"2023-08-22T14:54:59Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T01:33:49.598772Z","submitted_at":"2023-08-22T14:54:59Z","title":"Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questions","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2308.11483","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.951080Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":17,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.951080Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2308.11483","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:996a1b3dc8afe919617f2218087f54046715e62295946378c2e256382b6b76c7","observation_id":"70ff4e3b-46bd-4267-8323-1c296180bc04","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.951080Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.248210Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"978f085a-b84c-470f-a511-8136aecc2f86","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":18,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.954828Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:76cf5ebd866e4ba11a30c8f31779f98c06b7adc6d6747f53a5162d2c36765d7e","observation_id":"91013b73-ae43-44a7-a04d-334f8180bd51","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.252227Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2210.12353","last_updated":"2023-03-17T00:52:56Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T19:18:49.025361Z","submitted_at":"2022-10-22T05:04:54Z","title":"Leveraging Large Language Models for Multiple Choice Question Answering","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2210.12353","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.958606Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":19,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.958606Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2210.12353","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:86fcf1e1bdeb643e988f0c11c58713d9596b411ece07563c1605145f7e8b6cd4","observation_id":"88b85214-2d7e-4f28-8d67-d691adc3761f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.958606Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2303.08033","last_updated":"2023-03-09T16:52:12Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:03:43.161910Z","submitted_at":"2023-03-09T16:52:12Z","title":"Large Language Models (GPT) Struggle to Answer Multiple-Choice Questions about Code","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2303.08033","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2303.08033","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.084733Z","title":"Large Language Models (GPT) Struggle to Answer Multiple-Choice Questions about Code","venue":"cs.CL","work_id":"acb777d7-26ec-4485-bf64-c7684d6e2ed9","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":20,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.962249Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2303.08033","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:265e9caef9aeba7bfe66c797a5c40fc7b73fcf6894fdf9f29888f21bcf362ec7","observation_id":"a86fa1c8-04a0-4dd9-9cd0-fa355abbbaf9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.089771Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.235598Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"d9545537-87ba-4772-9820-66960c19bbff","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":21,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.966103Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6bc1bcb69ee63cb4bbf1619203acdf1f39c1a84d96dc5905d231b250b8a09f17","observation_id":"d483b34a-13d5-4e7f-99ec-9d5968fc05ec","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.239495Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.224215Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"ff4c029a-475c-47a1-9245-c37d4f34765a","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":22,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.974255Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f2c5d4b3884fb1e417e72a12d1fcbe249a2fa9faed5488f418950032f02c987d","observation_id":"26a86632-297e-4327-ade0-f9077857a16a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.228400Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.212618Z","title":"Williams","venue":null,"work_id":"096c7abb-fed8-4c4f-ab0d-781055074440","year":2014},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":23,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.977641Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e43bbb6804091cdced995f1f8b0da846ed1cd9a2510d417123fdca4ce8981cdb","observation_id":"6a355adc-9664-4b15-b841-d8f912bb08a3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.216967Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2311.07989","last_updated":"2024-06-26T07:11:00Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T14:38:13.953734Z","submitted_at":"2023-11-14T08:34:26Z","title":"Unifying the Perspectives of NLP and Software Engineering: A Survey on Language Models for Code","version":7},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2311.07989","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.981800Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":24,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.981800Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2311.07989","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0bbf4391dc5b3f603d98c85fbd781ba56ab68e9bab425047ba53a2388b44d80a","observation_id":"65eca5b7-97c1-49b1-9e69-07ae1522b46d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.981800Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.08172","last_updated":"2023-10-18T11:37:43Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T16:31:48.246401Z","submitted_at":"2023-10-12T09:55:45Z","title":"Exploring the Cognitive Knowledge Structure of Large Language Models: An Educational Diagnostic Assessment Approach","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2310.08172","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2310.08172","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.048653Z","title":"Exploring the Cognitive Knowledge Structure of Large Language Models: An Educational Diagnostic Assessment Approach","venue":"cs.CL","work_id":"e835f852-54ed-4fda-9ad8-c28c231d4aee","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":25,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.985366Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2310.08172","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:319cbfe768867f0f1928270548fd627cbec8b4e1c1c61925e0fbd0cdff49fd3b","observation_id":"1034b4a1-25ee-4054-85b2-b5f793d8ee17","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.054539Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2303.18223","last_updated":"2026-03-18T05:34:39Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T23:27:24.356320Z","submitted_at":"2023-03-31T17:28:46Z","title":"A Survey of Large Language Models","version":19},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2303.18223","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.988985Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":26,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.988985Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2303.18223","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:cbb4006ccc6c9f9d4ecbdf60ed1e53ce6c590bc2a00892de3eea2c3c947e1b7f","observation_id":"d4b2ca3c-dea0-44fb-8ed5-03dbbe93182f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.988985Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.202398Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"335b52ea-aa30-43a6-8124-f5b05e498052","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":27,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.992422Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:53aa0782104c23329f8d4fb70ef319f31caa1225950735396133ab6250e34450","observation_id":"ca383208-8d25-4ae1-853d-20ffeac67d12","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:11.205957Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2309.03882","last_updated":"2024-02-22T01:40:35Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T19:10:47.693909Z","submitted_at":"2023-09-07T17:44:56Z","title":"Large Language Models Are Not Robust Multiple Choice Selectors","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2309.03882","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.996713Z","title":"arXiv:2309.03882 [cs.CL]","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":29,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.996713Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2309.03882","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1b10cbc76954f5ddef13ab09fb45cf7bd24a047bd005514b5019a76751b20aa5","observation_id":"7bf7c2f1-3676-49bb-af3d-7ce1b886c388","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.996713Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.06225","last_updated":"2023-10-12T17:06:17Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:37:20.511083Z","submitted_at":"2023-10-10T00:39:04Z","title":"GPT-4 as an Agronomist Assistant? Answering Agriculture Exams Using Large Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2310.06225","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.970346Z","title":"arXiv:2310.06225 [cs.AI]","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs","version":2},"reference_index":2023,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.970346Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2310.06225","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.05891"},"observation_digest":"sha256:cec6b6705ee52cfe724d8bbf72e6db96403a521eb67f819871152515610e5712","observation_id":"0826804a-ea32-435b-a716-dc24de4c7f4d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T21:10:10.970346Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.05891","last_updated":"2025-03-05T09:18:31Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T19:24:27.913136Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-10T11:44:35Z","title":"Affordably Fine-tuned LLMs Provide Better Answers to Course-specific MCQs"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":29,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":26,"verified_exact":2,"verified_fuzzy":1},"total_outbound_references":29},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T06:34:36.301508+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 11 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 29 of 29 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2501.05891."}