{"as_of":"2026-08-20T10:33:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:9529f5cec34fc45a88b987e0e392963cece9f54ccd27df1b01ae665fdbc69f64","coverage":[{"denominator":48,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":48,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.494337Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":49,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":49,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":1,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-05T23:47:37.790908Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"pith","source_observed_at":"2026-08-05T23:47:37.908751Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2504.20314","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T23:47:37.908751Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","venue":"cs.LG","work_id":"274ee13f-a0c4-42c4-b42d-7dc21589cfe8","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2508.04903","last_updated":"2025-08-12T16:29:05Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T11:14:02.875498Z","submitted_at":"2025-08-06T21:59:34Z","title":"RCR-Router: Efficient Role-Aware Context Routing for Multi-Agent LLM Systems with Structured Memory","version":3},"reference_index":2025,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-05T23:47:37.790908Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2504.20314","citing_paper":"/paper/2508.04903"},"observation_digest":"sha256:393a993bad5d8068761ee7bb540e30f8628df6200b7c36df7a2c9e4ca12b4779","observation_id":"8d40b46a-cd37-4053-bc70-fd00bcda05d6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-05T23:47:37.914593Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2504.20314/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2504.20314/integrity","json":"/paper/2504.20314/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2012.13255","last_updated":"2020-12-22T07:42:30Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T15:17:24.628404Z","submitted_at":"2020-12-22T07:42:30Z","title":"Intrinsic Dimensionality Explains the Effectiveness of Language Model Fine-Tuning","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2012.13255","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.509916Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":1,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.509916Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2012.13255","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0171db7ba8838a877ad56d4200ae192852ae2348883632fda741dd6894d81c22","observation_id":"7ad736b3-f14b-4add-b7c5-9f58c356944f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.509916Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2406.12832","last_updated":"2024-06-18T17:52:59Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:05:50.679355Z","submitted_at":"2024-06-18T17:52:59Z","title":"LaMDA: Large Model Fine-Tuning via Spectrally Decomposed Low-Dimensional Adaptation","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2406.12832","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.607203Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":2,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.607203Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2406.12832","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a92d02e902614f8a4c4c27fca6d7345b50b6dcb48a193c2db3478bbd244d1c04","observation_id":"dcfa9050-e15e-46e5-9e59-92f862d2abb4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.607203Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.650556Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"9bb9ebcb-77bc-448e-a54d-02382a4f9cb2","year":2006},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":3,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.615796Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8ba04eec0ac2c3f9b27593a0188ef7d5ae5668c52d13c97b38c5c89931995b92","observation_id":"a589f33e-b77c-4b26-81e7-8edb88e84951","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.656940Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.538574Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"bb1b9824-a1f5-410e-b0a8-f4cd7f5e84fb","year":2009},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.619491Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:823453bdf034bb37b2fab2646a5c46406ec76a75efa59b77314ba7da31cf8bae","observation_id":"b44d13ea-4ab6-4059-b6f0-53255118c2b9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.643321Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1905.10044","last_updated":"2019-05-24T05:48:49Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T14:44:42.060038Z","submitted_at":"2019-05-24T05:48:49Z","title":"BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1905.10044","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.623743Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":5,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.623743Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1905.10044","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:559cc0fccd158691b79e7fe63a6c4125158f0540ee553feaf8afe2baf3bf618d","observation_id":"84c6c6ed-2a8b-481f-ae68-c28652c60b38","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.623743Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.370863Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"c3168125-50dd-4bd2-9b4c-c3baa6a9d1e9","year":2009},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":6,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.627819Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6e6b389b52a9f984411da66b2ba685a3133ab01c7fb2739a44821cc8f98e27ab","observation_id":"1e0abfdf-a4af-4dcd-a90e-628ada5cb46c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.439897Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.359331Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"a3f7230c-1d40-472f-9dc7-2c3f6e3fb293","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":7,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.631602Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:daaabfdc8733705b2d8bbdf98acf0e9b558b1d8dea74e12271a82e797669440b","observation_id":"7bf42665-2ac4-42b6-9827-2a0aca7ff8e3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.363038Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.635760Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2005},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":8,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.635760Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:06d4ee93b9de1455f4b7c4f7a4a7c9c80fdaa3f5d062bce5a2ec6426c5370207","observation_id":"a6b79a5c-d661-46c6-acb5-90994800bf5a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.635760Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.341382Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"b039cc38-3cc2-4725-8209-e21a4997988a","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":9,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.639061Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fb48348be551693378d76882b6aeb93bb4ad3b6d7b452c6717cdb47f0e43cc55","observation_id":"cd5c036c-5b44-48d7-9dc0-866a07fd93de","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.345084Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1906.00117","last_updated":"2019-05-31T23:06:44Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:01:46.274873Z","submitted_at":"2019-05-31T23:06:44Z","title":"Model Agnostic Contrastive Explanations for Structured Data","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1906.00117","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.642403Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":10,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.642403Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1906.00117","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:26bcc9f95fdf78bf90e036daa297f3a87177c7efb88f5d21192ec06412152d03","observation_id":"73685bf5-62bd-4181-9d33-1914d70b914c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.642403Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.330709Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"23275f6f-51c7-491a-95af-367e5f508aad","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":11,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.646535Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1ccdb60bab4b8823c0a224cdfbb6be02fcf685f5550f3a952c48ba7735d760cc","observation_id":"cde13e72-0327-481f-9210-6fdb0241530b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.334180Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2012.15723","last_updated":"2021-06-02T12:41:36Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T13:08:32.358753Z","submitted_at":"2020-12-31T17:21:26Z","title":"Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learners","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2012.15723","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.651004Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":12,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.651004Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2012.15723","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8f913abb9434e88f9a92ddc16c257df795e0d453bc5272f2bafa888e5eac46a7","observation_id":"6c499383-df23-45f9-9327-695c9a665b41","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.651004Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.319757Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"22c5b4e8-3ba1-4783-b1ee-68be5a6eb309","year":2007},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":13,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.655859Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a9acd289a42550fafe5044dcd30beb0d1297d91bf954e4cf983d1a686c5a1058","observation_id":"665ace44-5727-4055-9215-cab5f7112a8c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.323982Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.278691Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"de6fc954-408c-48ee-a273-c374cf0f2866","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.680032Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:40ed879b4b92429fbd726bef6383a835e61e0c71e837fdfc05a2d295c3a9ca81","observation_id":"dcc2a99a-5622-4ed1-a707-f329aa4c9479","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.312122Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2106.09685","last_updated":"2021-10-16T18:40:34Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T18:04:53.578114Z","submitted_at":"2021-06-17T17:37:18Z","title":"LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2106.09685","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.733225Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":15,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.733225Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2106.09685","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ac81348ef2b28ddaa693334b9d5ef98c4fa7a8cf9b8656edd35430dc182ed7c1","observation_id":"582d0bc4-a70f-4a63-bc0f-f53c4b20652f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.733225Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.060006Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"fbf92192-5667-4d91-b9be-fe92c3b7a6ec","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":16,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.844336Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:185127df095278cabb4139ac55b3e9e2221c10a49afc39dfad77dc966195c4e8","observation_id":"16b7a00b-20c9-4423-84cc-93a3d5a82a7d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.183375Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.004861Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"e68355f4-d2b2-4a89-9d0a-7a9c567586c9","year":2006},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":17,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.854328Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:92e823359f2b1bdd6ae0ffd413d69f21be394fc90ba5437fecce40b1775d5e94","observation_id":"43661b7e-faa9-4bbd-8125-c34105c2f6e9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.013603Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.861119Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2012},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":18,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.861119Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a8b4a7ded1f00e14b4c88060caf0871485fb20b3d5e6645bea7b0720171917c8","observation_id":"c299804a-393e-47b1-a848-05a40b7e0fa7","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.861119Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.866267Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":19,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.866267Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:66c25dbdcd1b5d32e96c989f7a33b960f19f9d03f9d2e7ebc0b129f252cde25f","observation_id":"06b655e1-8ab5-425f-9fa4-fa98d2c302d3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.866267Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"malformed_identifier"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.987740Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"aa8a400e-b1e4-4429-aaed-ef8eb5d603af","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":20,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.869677Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ca783a95af0c80533b348874659a57b18d5c11c65980de8b719af146509c31d9","observation_id":"1d995d01-03dd-4a54-b8c1-0d56749c9f68","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.991467Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1907.11692","last_updated":"2019-07-26T17:48:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:33:50.657682Z","submitted_at":"2019-07-26T17:48:29Z","title":"RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1907.11692","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.873019Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":21,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.873019Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1907.11692","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3c0aa30e16eff1e718029c53eadc2df665dd1046edb5003ecc9fa8ba69739468","observation_id":"b63bc373-7195-4f30-bc20-fea3635ba960","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.873019Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.975223Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"0e356388-af13-4488-8b83-42e339371537","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":22,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.876740Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:53711e3f1a740e9fdde72e0925dd4d803d58e95473bc1c4906b36ea496edd86a","observation_id":"90a076e2-aed7-4486-9699-42088abf6b53","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.979388Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.961182Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"e51d47df-fb9e-4667-b2dc-02e1cfb807fe","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":23,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.882802Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bc6539fa3d7e52447ee36255191d9bbb5cd3a8d038ece1976af0314c573682e1","observation_id":"fbf84695-c9af-489e-91d5-3bce40fa35b2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.966344Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.866120Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"212c11d6-20d1-4fd9-8439-af337dc55642","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":24,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.885905Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c0c009b1b88881bb14697524c8cad357525d3a903f55913421b375f6376aee3f","observation_id":"0543fd92-3cd3-4db4-b579-80aa8c87af78","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.947096Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.713902Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"c9683b89-0788-4573-a8d5-3366c8ddbfc7","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":25,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.888587Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:95ce9718a5e64e1af6269d4403546cdd65be0b2abcfdb26cb739bc45c26dc799","observation_id":"45195ed0-630c-430b-a21e-12d752c8fad0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.778527Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1808.09121","last_updated":"2019-04-27T09:31:59Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-20T03:56:37.059198Z","submitted_at":"2018-08-28T05:16:35Z","title":"WiC: the Word-in-Context Dataset for Evaluating Context-Sensitive Meaning Representations","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1808.09121","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.894086Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":26,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.894086Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1808.09121","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1edea9a1e0f3f505ef3c42697e7101e6dd0d1588a58ff6497a232276c7571d71","observation_id":"43b8e670-a74e-4cb9-a28e-261bfdbbc7e1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.894086Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2020.92186","doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.896025Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"383f7a63-7985-454d-a14f-3988afe8288e","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":27,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.897040Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ef27a55c6fa22ca80c4d4328d8e95fad0d62dd8e436d6b40effb1c3433452586","observation_id":"0df6c23e-fc9b-4769-9081-57f182f16ad5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.910261Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.923791Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2011},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":28,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.923791Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0060f5bc700a9711c25f5925f12ba66a6c8c22094d5168ba5379787b63669ff7","observation_id":"d835795c-997c-419f-b4c9-d12d589a9529","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.923791Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2004.12214","last_updated":"2020-04-25T19:21:14Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-14T07:13:17.364901Z","submitted_at":"2020-04-25T19:21:14Z","title":"Learning to Guide Random Search","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2004.12214","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2004.12214","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.706041Z","title":"Learning to Guide Random Search","venue":"cs.LG","work_id":"250f1f39-b422-458f-9a02-4fd6088ced82","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":29,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.056269Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2004.12214","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d257ee27a29561847e647bc999ca1e3075076345aaa729a3ae6fe27deccf7a07","observation_id":"8ee56cdd-3eb5-4061-b4ba-4cec2b6e5035","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.784943Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.693016Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"b21c84a4-39ff-47e4-92cb-1cffdc672f96","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":30,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.062214Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:264646328e3f5b6db0ecebbef53f05691ebc2f0a64bac2d0c7e5bbfdc5264ca3","observation_id":"71cb7bfd-6f4b-4edb-bde7-9c4321e7f373","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.696335Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.681794Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"dd1a0583-2760-4c3a-9509-d8f9d9e53cf8","year":2013},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.068632Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:126f9e7f73e0968468b3995974b45163cccaa0507fe5ec0637e27a8e2e296662","observation_id":"98500f88-2d9f-4f50-8ce1-070405a4a049","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.684909Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.072675Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":32,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.072675Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fc069271dd4782b373e2f9fa8beb983f8710638292e2fc282fabace2708783f1","observation_id":"4afd9a8c-2f7e-48e4-bc05-39e12f62aced","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.072675Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.629770Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"a957358a-4ac4-4f84-8c4a-a55348d18050","year":2014},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":33,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.076017Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:929235c1889b7787d4e87bdedc64a4d5509e30371f2bb47663bef6f286a75e21","observation_id":"dbc0d40f-d20b-4402-8597-bc22493a5356","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.673706Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.486396Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"c0352f0f-7010-4af6-85eb-cab7520b688f","year":2015},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":34,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.079211Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8517eb2e7a202bc15c709b5d1330f8778bea30171def095f0efdebe6cb5d8a1f","observation_id":"7852de1e-feb5-4afa-96e6-2db1be4e211f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.525947Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2304.06430","last_updated":"2024-07-06T08:51:50Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:01:46.308627Z","submitted_at":"2023-04-13T11:57:06Z","title":"Certified Zeroth-order Black-Box Defense with Robust UNet Denoiser","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2304.06430","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.129016Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":35,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.129016Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2304.06430","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e856c7b82da9967dee00a2e64a073ef814639d76563af13c6506cf647573691c","observation_id":"b8f1cef5-5a31-4766-932e-e4e8d387d534","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.129016Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.454747Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"6859a32a-7ec1-4f45-ba15-7f1c137616c0","year":2000},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":36,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.236217Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5a77b198995f7b6930bc0e61ef364e148f6707ff3e7049d7c7e26fbbf2f1a043","observation_id":"29e2658a-c7b9-45e0-b2b8-19fd49a9540d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.475366Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.435815Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"1e8125f7-ccd3-4cec-98ab-6d592e407630","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":37,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.305393Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bc46b91c0aeec143b529501544034c75156a1710825dfb7787d2930b1abe11c0","observation_id":"c06804af-d241-40c3-a945-2ef10a3fa75f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.442160Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.264464Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"cf942e2d-a738-447f-818d-1466a063ac79","year":1928},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":38,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.315648Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:041cb15025ff373db8757ca6fc576716c64130fcf8890c9b4a626edc88995e77","observation_id":"89a89fd4-1731-4934-aeaf-6312f8ccb7d1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.326157Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.177136Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"70b69edd-bdda-4286-9a77-5396bee00d5a","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":39,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.319283Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:153c7806405d5ad880d371d9d0d4805820c68f7560cf0c9e68b4ea6e2702a4a4","observation_id":"b7518486-c96c-4c71-aae5-7d3f382ca60f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.181117Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.164925Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"81da14f0-3095-4ced-a760-223434267c02","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":40,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.325408Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:556a49b1fd0931c399dd9a18e40a34105a7d5949331dc6b42d24c12d922e6640","observation_id":"655a6eda-9484-4f95-90f3-ba2e21601558","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.168978Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.153256Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"c554e0ca-556b-40c8-ace9-e2aedbd0d67d","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":41,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.329284Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:187b5b890b0d323d75ce2f26192ae522ce89abeff8b17f1d9cbef37f1a543438","observation_id":"823e0957-3236-43bb-98d2-0e8ed158233a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.157464Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2205.01068","last_updated":"2022-06-21T17:04:40Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T03:13:37.403059Z","submitted_at":"2022-05-02T17:49:50Z","title":"OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2205.01068","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.332746Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":42,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.332746Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2205.01068","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a1b88dc4255a592fdde40d75b41e15d030469c0bd7e63bb764d34d1092bef396","observation_id":"ffd84ff1-d7bf-4f83-af1d-24def22051a1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.332746Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.11592","last_updated":"2024-05-28T03:27:06Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:17:36.168746Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-18T14:08:48Z","title":"Revisiting Zeroth-Order Optimization for Memory-Efficient LLM Fine-Tuning: A Benchmark","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.11592","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.370210Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":43,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.370210Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.11592","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1dffa287ae9212825d187037331ef0247039a0981b0ef35515c8ad25adf310fe","observation_id":"7047694a-bda3-4feb-b935-59841493b27f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.370210Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.08915","last_updated":"2024-02-26T02:51:30Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-20T07:40:35.169579Z","submitted_at":"2023-10-13T07:38:52Z","title":"Dynamic Sparse No Training: Training-Free Fine-tuning for Sparse LLMs","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2310.08915","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.438600Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":44,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.438600Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2310.08915","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:406b250e2a3179613007cfdf01dd9411480bdc5b20aabdc711754bf4fd2b8d64","observation_id":"ff81d90e-7311-4ba5-a83e-2a36b7162439","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.438600Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.15173","last_updated":"2025-02-18T13:45:50Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:15:59.112735Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-23T08:11:55Z","title":"Second-Order Fine-Tuning without Pain for LLMs:A Hessian Informed Zeroth-Order Optimizer","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.15173","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.489666Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":45,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.489666Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.15173","citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5b59961866a72682baac680656319ad51165a63171a6535c6f8ed3c858e99274","observation_id":"d64a4db1-b4a7-49e1-9565-9fb6a09ca24e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.489666Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.129053Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"2d91fa74-c704-43db-86d5-91707efd273a","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":46,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:24.494337Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7cc2ebad7f61bb1acf6c9e3114381579018236f13bcb78def428ea30f72cbdf5","observation_id":"733ef120-6b0b-48e2-a1a4-802511e91231","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:25.138988Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.020608Z","title":"In 2017 30th IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC)","venue":null,"work_id":"0e0d8bd6-872f-4424-98c8-1431d78c7b5e","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":2017,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.849337Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7e351a85699bd6d4346f357def6d080393c4153e69a9833cb2651151cdac6662","observation_id":"394dadb7-6a4e-4249-a76e-7a7852a61d6a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:26.023882Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.879859Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.15751 (2024)","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training","version":2},"reference_index":2024,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.879859Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2504.20314"},"observation_digest":"sha256:99ecdb2f717be1c2674235b47751524ab08b113e013395f5f9aa68fb497f4827","observation_id":"dce280ec-b375-4f3c-8a5f-d0e8b29e84e6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T05:38:23.879859Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2504.20314","last_updated":"2025-07-24T23:09:02Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.LG","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T09:02:12.752204Z","submitted_at":"2025-04-28T23:58:07Z","title":"Perturbation-efficient Zeroth-order Optimization for Hardware-friendly On-device Training"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":48,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":1,"metadata_mismatch":1,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":44,"verified_exact":1,"verified_fuzzy":1},"total_outbound_references":48},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-20T06:33:54.927442+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 20 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 48 of 48 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2504.20314."}