{"as_of":"2026-08-23T08:09:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:dec2999ee99b5f8b7ea3c693342e805ffbf4742c817b4d58e8ab45e728f3e7e8","coverage":[{"denominator":17,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":17,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.111775Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":18,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":18,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":1,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-09T04:27:01.998959Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"pith","source_observed_at":"2026-08-09T04:27:02.234811Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2505.23445","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T04:27:02.234811Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","venue":"stat.ML","work_id":"0eefb92f-9a27-46e4-95dd-3736e6418ee9","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2503.04742","last_updated":"2025-08-21T08:41:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T05:43:07.476807Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-05T20:38:18Z","title":"A Case for Specialisation in Non-Human Entities","version":2},"reference_index":91,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-09T04:27:01.998959Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2505.23445","citing_paper":"/paper/2503.04742"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1c91e6d6262a49fba27db6080e88ae068399b573ade9002ea139e94b7557665c","observation_id":"a6551c85-3977-47df-853d-68328643724a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T04:27:02.238784Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2505.23445/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2505.23445/integrity","json":"/paper/2505.23445/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1606.06565","last_updated":"2016-07-25T17:23:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T05:00:46.434335Z","submitted_at":"2016-06-21T13:37:05Z","title":"Concrete Problems in AI Safety","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1606.06565","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:34.960298Z","title":"Concrete problems in ai safety","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":1,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:34.960298Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1606.06565","citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:472eb51cb65d06e5a9684dcd34072ff8193c8d1f254f956ed2b1196b02489201","observation_id":"b6e9892b-5843-4f14-bad3-a29e8836dee2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:34.960298Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.979397Z","title":"Cohen, Nikolay Malkin, Matt MacDermott, Damiano Fornasiere, Pietro Greiner, and Younesse Kaddar","venue":null,"work_id":"65a1f12e-62dc-4df2-957b-54eac7ae6b12","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":2,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.012439Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:969788a28850fd74e8e8af124a8908c058c72a77858983ce057118ef667a28e0","observation_id":"81e003c6-e2b7-4cc4-8725-3a501b16411e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:39.051763Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.792238Z","title":"Faulty reward functions in the wild","venue":null,"work_id":"227aad9c-f8af-407d-8d6b-2791782fa280","year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":3,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.094697Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4fa0169253daf94ba08e9dc6c9cd7ffc19becf840e70a32d1bd994a797234fcb","observation_id":"f26e9064-a417-47fb-8f72-b9ea98e05ae6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.895846Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.543211Z","title":"On goodhart's law, with an application to value alignment, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":"0fe6bde8-5c8f-4d7e-bf0d-139b6b3245a0","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":4,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.189939Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:847900ac172e60a96caceca5737afbf8659b83eee8f1aceb3ae46816ff2507a7","observation_id":"79d64e87-5aa2-4de2-b9a9-560642920551","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.645310Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.278769Z","title":"Monetary relationships : a view from threadneedle street","venue":null,"work_id":"af35dbf0-cdc0-4d7d-a4b0-18881cd4fa3d","year":1975},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":5,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.237802Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:53b31268461166799f6d920624faf53875841cd1ce442da8d12c7d4422d35d77","observation_id":"586586b6-f1e8-461a-8917-9dcc0165f36a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.405559Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.309142Z","title":"Scaling laws for reward model overoptimization, 2022","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":6,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.309142Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f936d49516ce1a9c9685ab2e17df73df403d0bd86b800146b5d3e1d51cc941a5","observation_id":"32d24f47-24b7-4759-a382-68b5bc7ff61a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.309142Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.033535Z","title":"Under manipulations, are some AI models harder to audit? In 2nd IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning , 2024","venue":null,"work_id":"0ac72a0d-7491-47e2-b14f-b7e9e3e18469","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":7,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.384881Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5727d26440e7349b3a81bc81ecc6245d1f25db762bff743d5a49a40b0d6f85a4","observation_id":"ab7d0422-3ef3-4266-8124-95296d32231c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:38.101614Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.803554Z","title":"Goodhart","venue":null,"work_id":"c3b81428-6ecf-4d97-937b-f5d1cba4a14b","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":8,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.427690Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c9d8891e7a4e461750bd4d9086084c3834a619a5d9c62656333addcdd14f4134","observation_id":"ade56ffc-da7c-4c69-9ab1-a7460727cef1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.900614Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.604624Z","title":"awful idea of accountability","venue":null,"work_id":"4245e459-5f26-4342-ad9a-b13acae36629","year":1996},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":9,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.483417Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e4c1603efb9111299ed766507432e47da1d7c672378842404e156e10c854dec3","observation_id":"40bd9a5c-deb0-4b2f-b15c-c8a7f23e2005","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.721405Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.411909Z","title":"Catastrophic goodhart: regularizing rlhf with kl divergence does not mitigate heavy-tailed reward misspecification","venue":null,"work_id":"1c12eda5-45b2-4d8a-ad8a-7c65435b8a21","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":10,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.566082Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8cc374e0ce819fae61c1352fa376615e83906780ca3b1cb5881ca9b0f66fb5b7","observation_id":"0a9d45b2-23a1-4a86-a918-852e6639c1f9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.498242Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.226301Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"0dfa27d9-eb14-4124-bba2-f3e7dd206f1e","year":1976},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":11,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.678261Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4d88dd3110d4e72ef110c958a694e673b013ee025a41dbc6fa76db897e27c875","observation_id":"0001652a-4503-4c55-b7b6-53f7e8669179","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.314885Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.051345Z","title":"Building less-flawed metrics: Understanding and creating better measurement and incentive systems","venue":null,"work_id":"03156ba0-c511-469f-84cc-a24b810fb63c","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":12,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.777759Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2f41a5881d6bf1656e3c5a57ebae3c612d9e67df4530c8dffa6dd594b89ed4bb","observation_id":"6cb1986d-6c00-47df-9243-0ee103c71701","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:37.103868Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1803.04585","last_updated":"2019-02-24T08:12:46Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T04:25:53.281214Z","submitted_at":"2018-03-13T01:15:39Z","title":"Categorizing Variants of Goodhart's Law","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1803.04585","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.822559Z","title":"Categorizing variants of goodhart's law","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":13,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.822559Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1803.04585","citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:da04caa84cd3b23ec5c379ad5e61f6b9c0ebe96153536b66e74a87fd6ded086b","observation_id":"c7302bb4-d5d1-47b9-91fd-9e9fdee2840d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.822559Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.859307Z","title":"Adversarial machine learning: A taxonomy and terminology of attacks and mitigations","venue":null,"work_id":"b48b3e4d-6caa-42b3-a235-dfa21458f512","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":14,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.901049Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e9401ec4b92879882d8e9d4c479dece38ef0634699c675a1708bd079beee354e","observation_id":"14837f54-fb1c-4540-9e04-ef8ac1e7ea19","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.922646Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.698689Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"55605558-abdc-420c-8b80-944d922b8d6a","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":15,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:35.979634Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7c53841f3fe65c7e9afd0fa06123ebf569f823c5b0ebace9418682078cb6c0b6","observation_id":"e3fb4df3-de71-431b-bc73-12e65aff5d9f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.739615Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.516631Z","title":"‘improving ratings’: audit in the british university system","venue":null,"work_id":"3e0da0db-e477-4794-8810-3cea7c634898","year":1997},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":16,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.064975Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:410a2af29805d7089990994ec3160d3cb767ae9d96074d6dde10907b45468132","observation_id":"2b20dc7e-0ac1-4b9d-ba5f-a6326024bec9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.610988Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.293512Z","title":"Consequences of misaligned ai","venue":null,"work_id":"a20982cf-01e4-4a20-98de-4bded80829af","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation","version":2},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.111775Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2505.23445"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a68e1d2d2f89fb7dd4d688a2519910dfe72fa049a170bff9c42f296b7cabc899","observation_id":"2489c78b-cdba-4d7a-a20c-0c184f9a870f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:55:36.429385Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.23445","last_updated":"2025-09-04T15:25:45Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"stat.ML","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-22T00:27:45.881005Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-29T13:42:05Z","title":"The Strong, Weak and Benign Goodhart's law. An independence-free and paradigm-agnostic formalisation"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":17,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":5,"verified_exact":0,"verified_fuzzy":12},"total_outbound_references":17},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-23T06:30:53.778098+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 23 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 17 of 17 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.23445."}