{"as_of":"2026-08-08T07:19:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:f884d90b27385533ea90d4c5c7282d1a63dc2fe17a1921dad3000f4e851bdd2c","coverage":[{"denominator":66,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":66,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.320475Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":66,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":66,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":0,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"cited_works","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2506.01191/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2506.01191/integrity","json":"/paper/2506.01191/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.613694Z","title":"Akbari, E","venue":null,"work_id":"0a8b12da-a032-4948-8780-4705a1bcca95","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":1,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.152459Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:aed1cda129651dddd29f05c26c774e8b531fdca26b752cdf06deade0438dcbb6","observation_id":"020e6917-99bf-4155-98d6-b0991d309a60","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.617628Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.600973Z","title":"Anandkumar, K","venue":null,"work_id":"49ab41c7-378a-4fac-b0fa-e023e624cda2","year":2011},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":2,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.220485Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c1c8a4e5fae7d8cb90fc91325792adea32ec6102b0e905f0a6a918ec7c2c6571","observation_id":"3326b932-b23d-40ab-bdd2-aa8e30b6754f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.604672Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.587747Z","title":"Anandkumar, R","venue":null,"work_id":"cbef9af9-50e8-4a6f-a864-c881dbdb9d82","year":2014},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":3,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.260235Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:74fffc2f5157d165629aee50fe5ce672fcd8b33c42eae6fdb0f97f279c8cfc87","observation_id":"49221299-e64a-40ae-9836-e5791a747d70","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.592292Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.573924Z","title":"Bareinboim and J","venue":null,"work_id":"bfdf30c0-0ea8-49b2-9d09-cf8545729d11","year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.295248Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:755fb4390c28dfc50431de8b3fc3089d31c7961cfa811c1cbcbbf84b7378d9db","observation_id":"1ff24b36-a605-4e0d-a2c4-b9cc4023f43a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.577884Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.560422Z","title":"Barrett-Connor and D","venue":null,"work_id":"ad869ee9-ae78-4cae-8c0f-e0e4cbcbb32d","year":1998},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":5,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.326990Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d601060c714cc0795cf92dcb7054e6e4c90b4a5e32e9e0464ed32754915c357a","observation_id":"ac537752-746c-4441-9bbe-c766d9a0dfac","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.564396Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.13104","last_updated":"2025-05-19T13:34:25Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:43:13.031751Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-19T13:34:25Z","title":"A Unified Framework for the Transportability of Population-Level Causal Measures","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2505.13104","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.402547Z","title":"Boughdiri, C","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":6,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.402547Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2505.13104","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1466e2d9fd8ee1864e9c917bb7b41ba4e2f01a57f7531c378807a1392fd8e6cc","observation_id":"c3bff8ab-c6ce-47f2-94fb-c1069893c889","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.402547Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.546938Z","title":"Buitinck, G","venue":null,"work_id":"c9070951-921e-4f89-90ac-af584f7904e0","year":2013},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":7,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.474296Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bc8b9b2af4e0634a40b5f8c28c5310363e49be908214a7fb54aaeb31c3eac4fd","observation_id":"e9259ccc-013d-49fa-811f-01fddefe105e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.550718Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.545403Z","title":"Cadei, I","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":8,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.545403Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:caf158860538e2e3f0a39268fcb687bafc4f290a883256ae7aebdc19f59d473e","observation_id":"99174fa8-6335-47bc-8ed7-17469c69cf5b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.545403Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2303.02011","last_updated":"2023-07-10T20:46:14Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T19:54:44.992898Z","submitted_at":"2023-03-03T15:27:16Z","title":"Diagnosing Model Performance Under Distribution Shift","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2303.02011","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.656281Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":9,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.656281Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2303.02011","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:9f0e9a1e96d9c9dee43541443b3130a3434654bb55e6b76d7bf62a038e94a038","observation_id":"383c99aa-ce44-430d-9452-ff8568a112b1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.656281Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.532761Z","title":"Chobtham and A","venue":null,"work_id":"eff497da-153f-498e-b48c-13f71af1e0fa","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":10,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.725664Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:524116d1ceb1fbcd4a84ba54b843439d6eb2ae74a705e4c09eb15511d8a74d73","observation_id":"ff5ac3ec-3cd6-4bdd-bc2a-aeb8c3f5f731","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.537560Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.518817Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"b32269f9-e2e4-46a0-9057-ba1d87338151","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":11,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.796728Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:86e2a35fca92bd5a8d5337024344929f92774a2e534c793604b8fb3750552591","observation_id":"8233c368-44e1-4367-8c5d-0b37085a9993","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.522872Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.504474Z","title":"Colnet, I","venue":null,"work_id":"8b3c9fc4-f65b-48c2-bcef-02ec700990e9","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":12,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.843605Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7b262e589a7d63f6148308ce08e30d3537d0efc685ce2407f9118eee248e6533","observation_id":"660807a7-33a1-43b7-90e6-cf363c4ad218","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.509083Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.490603Z","title":"Colombo, M","venue":null,"work_id":"60c3df90-294f-4199-a915-e43addcdcf3e","year":2014},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":13,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.880470Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e6e5f16f9c699e49f94b02efa8ff7b2030c6a137086a37cb444637c46067e9cd","observation_id":"5305d875-f955-4297-aa37-4ee8fbc56dec","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.494677Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.476226Z","title":"Dagan, N","venue":null,"work_id":"3142f7a1-58d7-410a-9233-ffa558e2d51b","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.903250Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d8e7cfed0d8e898815c05cd98f669c7c3149cb59b548a0905a330b85d13fcf81","observation_id":"91eca925-1404-404f-b7be-f3d15901b2fa","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.480615Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.463776Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"515e5cd2-57f7-42de-b9dc-bae0a5041417","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":15,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:22.944144Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d92d934cda1f44be082a4c1c43ee65d4b51c109ffaafe45e2a568f1fd69c2f9b","observation_id":"fa9966dc-3715-4daf-95b6-a6db298aaaef","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.467598Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2404.18905","last_updated":"2026-04-13T11:50:04Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T18:07:10.639325Z","submitted_at":"2024-04-29T17:44:28Z","title":"Detecting critical treatment effect bias in small subgroups","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2404.18905","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.047920Z","title":"De Bartolomeis, J","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":16,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.047920Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2404.18905","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e444f778228b1f8fc9f609f21fd5b22dbc69731dcc37df3973114e29a5a6aa0c","observation_id":"75d1057b-5a70-42d9-877d-bb89b7a8409f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.047920Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.450453Z","title":"De Bartolomeis, J","venue":null,"work_id":"c0070cd2-667e-40a2-9ea9-2a707b43e17b","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":17,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.109411Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:85bead2e02ed91fe1f8e0ae179ba646ba4aebd4697d357cb7dcc0bc921628c7d","observation_id":"eb3f40e2-0132-483f-9304-a4dba623c07c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.454815Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.437550Z","title":"Demirel, A","venue":null,"work_id":"119eeb09-41bc-49e3-a4ca-8d20e994ff1f","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":18,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.123776Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c77e36e79b2d85cf1adb98d12876dfd9c8748ddc6a0ac73f5db72ec02561c924","observation_id":"661a30d8-0c27-4d4a-94ab-b06f44fb629a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.441287Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.424003Z","title":"Demirel, E","venue":null,"work_id":"aa987a2e-d7f4-4471-8dba-6f9843ae2564","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":19,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.171794Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a30a8adeeae1f09aabb09bc255255aba2894bb1d2564c28d434052fb4c87bede","observation_id":"b77fd6df-47a2-4559-abbc-559f017f22f6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.428400Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2503.14795","last_updated":"2025-03-19T00:06:23Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T16:53:28.416334Z","submitted_at":"2025-03-19T00:06:23Z","title":"The Hardness of Validating Observational Studies with Experimental Data","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2503.14795","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2503.14795","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.755074Z","title":"The Hardness of Validating Observational Studies with Experimental Data","venue":"stat.ML","work_id":"ec500069-ba04-48fa-a396-7ce4e43fcc63","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":20,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.235870Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2503.14795","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:365c4b037d63670fbc8216b892a5299628ba4cb005e5222bd9189d899b709f83","observation_id":"2d512e6d-6825-4f46-91a2-4a953ee29580","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.801485Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.410256Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"389849b3-925c-4b60-b755-21b1308f9740","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":21,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.336496Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f54eefa935edba03f32450e2bc958fedc4415bce8967aaaac1f1e1b7f2f1feb1","observation_id":"a0d8df99-4cac-4a3c-957b-3f1f75123d24","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.414900Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.397380Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"4e25f838-6487-4c2b-b913-95ec971c0b6c","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":22,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.445642Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:791136d2abf9950115b660191f33162d7b4fd85eb72a4562c1ef367117c19f65","observation_id":"43136a44-2306-4ad4-a63e-dd082cd30f53","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.401249Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.382720Z","title":"Glymour, K","venue":null,"work_id":"9aae5a43-2733-4034-a867-f69fcdac0107","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":23,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.550004Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2d6607c50f48087c063f9a9e16f03cb7fd1e0cade4e44d7ef291cadcfb275fd0","observation_id":"fe99e69b-702a-47da-a57b-380543eabb7c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.387355Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.368420Z","title":"Optimizing the use of real world evidence to inform regulatory decision- making, 2019","venue":null,"work_id":"7719f5f4-a071-468b-b2c0-01144acf2a64","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":24,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.649364Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:29f0db1b93773fbd884c5a4986a6c7e88e9e3636a6d9c1f97e14eb16a2b085b0","observation_id":"7ad05e21-6947-4c79-8744-3340ab92f2f1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.372871Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.353191Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"667f2013-0751-4d01-8357-c5c19289517c","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":25,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.756488Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1242ed2c6b2a3769ec4f3b48d114eb937e236e0135082b35ac4758ec3f1c0f57","observation_id":"a45e84df-7775-4ea7-ba94-1b118d4add59","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.357634Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.338085Z","title":"Hartman, R","venue":null,"work_id":"1f3b2ca9-4e83-4f35-a08d-1bf6e1b383ec","year":2015},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":26,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.848269Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:9d70bce8d539503ddd343a5b435f981cb3dbe3862f496457dd63e458abaa5ddb","observation_id":"2a368bc9-f27d-4d86-a677-42d19cabdaa0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.342423Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2202.12891","last_updated":"2022-02-25T18:59:54Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T12:41:48.286213Z","submitted_at":"2022-02-25T18:59:54Z","title":"Combining Observational and Randomized Data for Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2202.12891","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.916009Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":27,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.916009Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2202.12891","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f0ddc6352ca56bf44da1f60047d5c682a58fe3065331578bfe4b9d1d935659d6","observation_id":"9db8b960-511f-4938-a8e7-447a51e9cd55","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:23.916009Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.323806Z","title":"Heinze-Deml, M","venue":null,"work_id":"44561283-50b1-49b2-b09c-3257e5f3b490","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":28,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.018380Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4f4ab4ecfe4dda6d99b67fd224382b3571f8323961c3a98339fa0b4b2a4318cd","observation_id":"1c79e3fb-30f2-47a8-a2b1-ee20dfd9e6f0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.328312Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.309706Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"f64ef3ae-65c0-4158-9960-15594efa129f","year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":29,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.088027Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:22d3b716de67a00acc64e2cba03d82c0ed28fc6e7c47eb70662df60e31111503","observation_id":"5fb3d4ea-3071-44c4-ab6a-377c798c73f8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.314485Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.179186Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"669b5c50-a083-405f-ad6d-2f21074b6b50","year":2004},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":30,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.140951Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c21f8c2c2daa0d356b40a09f24e08bc7facfd5f13507ed0936b369db8fada4ba","observation_id":"234be64e-a9c2-4c6d-961b-c7e10998a0bf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.298846Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.978310Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"3e25b52c-c677-4f6a-96e5-8fa446b1a28e","year":2008},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.208627Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:74a8ffeb0baa804170143d84cd92f472a4e0417f0c3f9340554c4fac860699b7","observation_id":"ad8acae8-0d92-4cd1-ad69-d63e2ac193b0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:34.073378Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.845691Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"24f54e4a-3cd7-4b63-97e7-622d2d61f15f","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":32,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.308408Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6dcccc8c448650bb125771f55d511fb7a39109ec9421852db126af6b5611add5","observation_id":"b62352bf-f2da-4219-9b20-235e4e46241b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.927641Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.547647Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"2a892eb4-c832-4d0a-98e3-e93acbd2fda7","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":33,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.412798Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d2efc0ef9c6e2697e9d8ae23bbd9127664ae5a05570205c41c00cc519d0cb6e3","observation_id":"b65ad18c-cf07-4c51-bbdd-e90a9d44c3bf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.693407Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.267495Z","title":"Hussain, M.-C","venue":null,"work_id":"07261a89-6c61-4c27-a6d4-a80fecca5a34","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":34,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.521024Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:337d41f75475782f3e095a458a31c275e67e3a99f26135e3b9f7c83d1e739bc8","observation_id":"58e98ff9-8616-47e4-8e63-e89474c9d854","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.392952Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.063678Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"fdd09b6c-3d90-42e8-8cdd-f64de5f689d3","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":35,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.629121Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8285d302f4da3381fc579697dc948f0dee1e5afd5eda7fcd2fb5833b87b1bb7e","observation_id":"4b66cbe3-39ac-4ff2-a671-26ee9a2502ff","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:33.170702Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.837774Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"fa0e6bd0-1b4a-4c00-8695-efce5805a610","year":2015},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":36,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.766842Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e162b9135feadfb19688e59b75c0e891adeab3f22da217c88409704d26dbcec6","observation_id":"bed437fe-8c6b-4e0d-a299-0a9e51489c84","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.940150Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2309.01056","last_updated":"2023-09-03T02:26:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:13:09.231289Z","submitted_at":"2023-09-03T02:26:22Z","title":"Diagnosing the role of observable distribution shift in scientific replications","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2309.01056","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2309.01056","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.600279Z","title":"Diagnosing the role of observable distribution shift in scientific replications","venue":"stat.AP","work_id":"5cd331a1-8665-4307-8c65-f12046efa50e","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":37,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.841595Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2309.01056","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:caa4627e286183a51c974f2ccd871bddf7e849765521cc2e0b736cc5c14af598","observation_id":"8a67288e-1d7d-4089-8393-9ea2d6f78c25","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.654671Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.671165Z","title":"Kallus, A","venue":null,"work_id":"7806689f-dd00-4e66-b8cd-902fdf96b9a9","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":38,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.913138Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3186c9e8fe122d34135948a9e7a25d9ab8c1131da80afb7aa7dcc89a694a2ab9","observation_id":"57852ddb-385d-451b-b704-a9c597ce221b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.743151Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.496461Z","title":"Karlsson and J","venue":null,"work_id":"fb11d823-0357-4af9-b5b7-800efef90b04","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":39,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:24.989949Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:09c7685bcbf9ecd2b1175fd3782b6c21fa13e51677b3b71d3817bdce60afb103","observation_id":"933c3ab1-2e27-40be-839d-7a2d5868733a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.562820Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06231","last_updated":"2025-06-02T09:46:06Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T18:25:37.499649Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T08:05:44Z","title":"Falsification of Unconfoundedness by Testing Independence of Causal Mechanisms","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06231","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2502.06231","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.444542Z","title":"Falsification of Unconfoundedness by Testing Independence of Causal Mechanisms","venue":"stat.ME","work_id":"1a519ca0-f6ca-4cc3-9ea3-51bcc55a20d6","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":40,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.063613Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2502.06231","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2fdac0bab65fdeaaa10c98bff5e41d8e71d3905415e8514ced3e426d4c2ccd6b","observation_id":"a8785a68-358d-4147-bc13-cf3884d4f749","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.522478Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.281123Z","title":"Kaul and G","venue":null,"work_id":"649918d4-e449-40fe-8955-dfe8d2d37108","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":41,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.156188Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b00ba77d4f7ae90dd4e391b850eac87756d5fea1caca4dc96f33307d284c4298","observation_id":"2cd1c3e8-3a6e-4283-9fd8-4e6c60bbcf00","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.398636Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.064057Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"622313f4-c578-49a9-b230-c8d428e2f9d1","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":42,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.264336Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bb3438a0573fd4b88bf44ef11da430e1429779741d4f50fc641c867076ed926f","observation_id":"944e4198-173c-428c-9c49-aefbdb15eef8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:32.156870Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.813578Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"b10ab411-7da8-4d4a-bac1-b1583fec9603","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":43,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.340127Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f7d71ec841c0085ea6f3530a688a95c776029637cfca56ed46e018a6f0314930","observation_id":"c151a668-8f31-44ca-9cc3-b78482fb5aa4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.904700Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.596168Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"ee05cd88-4b27-4600-b9b6-afec87ffe794","year":2003},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":44,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.415817Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:60169370fc2ec6d02a177d4e73e24e1227eb8d49baea42408ad39dda98d8c5a8","observation_id":"eea5aa8e-a51c-4dbd-88a3-70dbbec16374","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.702069Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.405693Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"b39320fb-d8ee-4e2f-b402-bb1545958248","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":45,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.508347Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1842fedfa89e02dea9cfffa505c9f928fb23f6d0decc03cd9b687e168f95e23d","observation_id":"cae46601-cef5-4db6-8b06-ac128f5f9119","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.486908Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.207320Z","title":"Nice real-world evidence framework, 2022","venue":null,"work_id":"5ef2f4d1-2d1a-48d8-b370-2de9e08d66c7","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":46,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.598078Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:90d9b77ee8176453251ad0328bf91d4adcad8bd17613a9779d1bc5ae35eb79f3","observation_id":"1b4960d0-453a-4670-aded-2aeb0b19e142","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.316489Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2205.10467","last_updated":"2023-05-24T16:15:13Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T13:12:16.837038Z","submitted_at":"2022-05-21T00:08:47Z","title":"Understanding the Risks and Rewards of Combining Unbiased and Possibly Biased Estimators, with Applications to Causal Inference","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2205.10467","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.685002Z","title":"Oberst, A","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":47,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.685002Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2205.10467","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:be8d14d3565dccf2f55c678e02a3f992ac9d95791a8b52d02b4461ee6926a6f5","observation_id":"ae12492d-5175-44b0-8d31-00b608ffda95","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.685002Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.001424Z","title":"Pearl and D","venue":null,"work_id":"66239ff4-fb64-4ca0-b0f4-9167014ae81d","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":48,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.776488Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c3d283837d932acc36f2fbf806f4133ef229654cae4cd633f08fd12e75c4865e","observation_id":"38257d55-f6b8-455e-95db-23b8ed2d7f64","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:31.109082Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.805903Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"912dad2b-ef6e-4162-9636-673ffd2a2f4a","year":2005},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":49,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.868779Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7679dad8f10c19e3aae674c518116bab24401dce70e84c72066194f9ddb31c78","observation_id":"73bd0d07-3c55-4e76-bc8a-504a256fabbd","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.903309Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.569022Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"9c829d3d-2ce7-428f-81a7-33be2c127f74","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":50,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:25.935885Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bbeefda4dc5b4ae037b12ecbc677c78c7f4595f42072938cf362a5a649be35b1","observation_id":"29697a76-1980-478e-a20d-5433643b3179","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.691848Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.379421Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"5e800719-04e4-4cdd-af1e-ff25d61325bc","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":51,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.013814Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a19e55f6ac6d3c6e6a17eb7ace2c5bc2c418f5a26b0e85092ab606f89b1d9124","observation_id":"186bad1a-d0a9-4bcf-ae98-fe85fa1c595d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.466901Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.179058Z","title":"Ruffini, M","venue":null,"work_id":"1b2def31-1774-4ece-bdda-05b84bcbaef0","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":52,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.082045Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:67607a6914a8375553f5e79f0c60eb90384c4d8411df2e4235c183d495ccc560","observation_id":"4fd9271f-fe6d-4ce9-bbc4-929c27accd52","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.263938Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.015765Z","title":"Sadeghi and T","venue":null,"work_id":"8431d8a6-d0b9-40ad-bdf4-206412c8c068","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":53,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.166062Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a003f9a34b71395c6dce8279170b4538b7db8d4e3ffdcc1952a2c6de73a2fc88","observation_id":"134f4649-3e6d-4973-a76c-f75f092e5d0b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:30.089207Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.871602Z","title":"Schuler, D","venue":null,"work_id":"9322d1dd-553f-4c15-82e3-f74a592731e0","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":54,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.250159Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bd6c32d666c525a519729b5faeae7f0da5a9247657f1e114af8465cbf5e2f312","observation_id":"972a32bd-26f8-4b4b-8eab-0f6ac632eaad","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.927355Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.707546Z","title":"Shanmugam, M","venue":null,"work_id":"e4ce4d56-4b95-461d-a6cf-798abaf342db","year":2015},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":55,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.345288Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8a818733951204b136e9d6dcf6002e7f8d3017d183d46b06222e6f3256738941","observation_id":"13ff893a-7dc8-48be-ae1b-4767c4e2e741","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.768686Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.582206Z","title":"Shimizu, P","venue":null,"work_id":"7fa1de17-a6ae-4bb6-87e3-c3d58b1e4933","year":2006},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":56,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.431787Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ba717e772e5c046dd202c39bb5463314353885ccde7784eb223b6686001165ea","observation_id":"0a9caea3-8041-4958-9924-1f34250714e5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.637662Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.402033Z","title":"Squires and C","venue":null,"work_id":"643bd1da-6b1c-4db1-ab02-96b7d99f0216","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":57,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.528796Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:95027a3753271f71a667e87409a3c967184bc5fcbb1c31b07ec05c643850b6a6","observation_id":"18a1a068-e058-46a6-9fb4-3fa0cec3cd7e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.482951Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.246746Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"3856004a-9818-4be5-8ef3-e4a3b9761fe6","year":2006},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":58,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.591838Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e1df336460cc406b1a8ed2bbe0f719d2aa1bf7f31885b3c9159bae4020f249af","observation_id":"cc689011-a687-49d2-8246-60c9179ee6b4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.343044Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.126896Z","title":"Design of the women’s health initiative clinical trial and observational study.Controlled clinical trials, 19(1):61–109, 1998","venue":null,"work_id":"4dd1d8d9-97d8-402a-8777-18559553b045","year":1998},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":59,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.684382Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0e151dfc980f1f8c2e598c3578c55421e7c4120a3262fe6ea0f06683d21ef0bd","observation_id":"7449ad32-69e8-46f7-be1b-67480365267a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.187935Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.995614Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"257d4388-c677-431c-b6ec-810dcee72c0d","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":60,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.810885Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a96ec0d61ecaa16dfc2ad490079fed7bec764d929c47dd524afcb8a2db883e01","observation_id":"af3cc30d-48b1-4f4c-8cb2-7b134156e165","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:29.045160Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.864800Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"1215bb21-7ce8-4b5f-b5c9-cde56e4edb98","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":61,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:26.903961Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e14dd14190f2ec83fab178ed4e6bc8c72917c30c3bdb00a242c7fdb2ae4c0c4a","observation_id":"fcca7ead-d145-424f-8b08-5dbc0ae0f644","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.923170Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.726645Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"bf08e962-cdf4-4ccc-a39c-07115a0bbdd6","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":62,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.001951Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6453db2f9b23b502bfde35eec12d2e93b1f170c1062a18949120590478e1f707","observation_id":"a028c5a7-0c15-44ed-8ad4-70998cef2b10","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.778647Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.560050Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"3cc191d5-e738-416a-907a-fa8d39bcc4ed","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":63,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.097479Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1ae9747849990f18615f3b0d7801987089103d9b83bd0bce106cc4438ea31e93","observation_id":"384cc5ae-c88d-457f-a7a3-d4dbd84d7dd4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.655953Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.400206Z","title":"We have, b1(X) = (p Y u=1 −p Y u=0)(pA u=1 −p A u=0)/2(pA u=1 +p A u=0).(13)","venue":null,"work_id":"a8af1f70-5f6a-4f14-947d-49abd6fadfdf","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":64,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.183647Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:70f93fe88ad5318e41d49d9cbeb75c7049619a356a0dc488071f1afde893b242","observation_id":"88881cbb-c7ad-4650-97d4-e8c0554a68be","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.481482Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.228201Z","title":"1 n nX i=1 |bb1(Xi)| ·(Yi −bηY (Xi))2 # | {z } (1) − EX,Y","venue":null,"work_id":"53e2bad9-9884-42f6-ac5b-1df1f311223b","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":65,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.257731Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a441921863cf4b33a319e38de3910256700a44932f9d4420e683b9f8757253f1","observation_id":"b24311bd-4548-4d41-8282-deb13d6043df","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.321672Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.040506Z","title":"sequences","venue":null,"work_id":"3b193e60-fa85-4ddd-80d1-2d4bfa416e16","year":2000},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies","version":1},"reference_index":66,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:27.320475Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.01191"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e8267c8afaa17e33cb87f40249f7c40b916af9de5c7b84d630df62863b6fe93f","observation_id":"86a53909-f122-4253-ab4e-eb983f7ec542","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T11:56:28.153737Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.01191","last_updated":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","latest_version":1,"primary_category":"stat.ME","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T18:16:29.411450Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-01T21:58:09Z","title":"Uncovering Bias Mechanisms in Observational Studies"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":66,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":30,"verified_exact":3,"verified_fuzzy":33},"total_outbound_references":66},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 66 of 66 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.01191."}