{"as_of":"2026-08-08T02:15:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:2a1c484960526500e254928d614fc869d74104f97c1337f39df32fd9584cd24d","coverage":[{"denominator":27,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":27,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.839084Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":28,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":28,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":1,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-05-16T14:59:02.533789Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"arxiv_reference","source_observed_at":"2026-05-16T15:01:03.860949Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2506.07541","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"Niva Mor","venue":null,"work_id":"a2950173-a908-4392-9618-9a8fe4f4e137","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2601.07220","last_updated":"2026-04-10T02:04:44Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T22:41:24.948774Z","submitted_at":"2026-01-12T05:25:39Z","title":"The Roots of Performance Disparity in Multilingual Language Models: Intrinsic Modeling Difficulty or Design Choices?","version":3},"reference_index":11,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-16T14:59:02.533789Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2506.07541","citing_paper":"/paper/2601.07220"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5bac5dbd68b1c1ca27b017a8bbe8fb0e2afca76c61b2c9e58ba92380317442f8","observation_id":"c8bdc1a9-d010-4692-88f4-93d52d6baea8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-16T15:01:03.863072Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2506.07541/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2506.07541/integrity","json":"/paper/2506.07541/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.723146Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":1,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.723146Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:15d1b2c30e7dabaf73d42c478c894e84ca1e84e2e7421aa55c22b6262a781fa6","observation_id":"f92a19fa-8847-45e3-9ffd-f6d61445b4e5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.723146Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:48.202802Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"71d809fe-cfef-4c04-b587-36d29efb51c4","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":2,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.728305Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2e02b84dd26b5e11b63dc23c4c642a16c062c136785ee591fea974ac4801879e","observation_id":"b747adf6-d09b-404a-b37f-2a827f8addc9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:48.206180Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.732846Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":3,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.732846Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8f0f5fd1e475ab6f73c00d1ff94255052c45722ccee844a50970b4303ab0892f","observation_id":"187196f1-4259-4d50-89a5-8b399af1e10b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.732846Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2403.06265","last_updated":"2024-06-22T16:00:49Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T17:42:16.039458Z","submitted_at":"2024-03-10T17:02:53Z","title":"Unpacking Tokenization: Evaluating Text Compression and its Correlation with Model Performance","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2403.06265","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.736679Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":4,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.736679Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2403.06265","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d959480f52ffb00a47b27d3cdb61d3a6493e32ac626cd06a67ccab8a404618f2","observation_id":"750354bf-6abd-424d-8f91-2a2e8c6c0b95","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.736679Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.742534Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":5,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.742534Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8563b7ff8b11d043d542ec3e9b47d86cca88c47ef131c54fc46f837b5ac93e62","observation_id":"026787a5-382d-4147-95ea-71aea0e426bb","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.742534Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.12720","last_updated":"2023-05-22T04:59:33Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:30:26.626858Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-22T04:59:33Z","title":"llm-japanese-dataset v0: Construction of Japanese Chat Dataset for Large Language Models and its Methodology","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2305.12720","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2305.12720","metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2305.12720","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:16:28.064256Z","title":"llm-japanese-dataset v0: Construction of Japanese Chat Dataset for Large Language Models and its Methodology","venue":"cs.CL","work_id":"8bd4e4e2-a078-4e62-991b-97eb29c85b13","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":6,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.748011Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.12720","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:90dc1267c1947f9b3e94258b51dc25640c8e8711f82993c5a079af21e1b26325","observation_id":"ca30e892-fb6c-4dbb-9f24-e2ac5c269b6d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:48.000054Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2203.15556","last_updated":"2022-03-29T13:38:03Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T12:54:11.616335Z","submitted_at":"2022-03-29T13:38:03Z","title":"Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2203.15556","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.754061Z","title":"Rae, Oriol Vinyals, and Laurent Sifre","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":7,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.754061Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2203.15556","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6f243c1b9c0966ce2ce4a4a00bfce138e0c6f8396c20bd394121cc3cd98a6843","observation_id":"a2955705-5336-4b18-aff0-dd2d4d9bf169","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.754061Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.759911Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":8,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.759911Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8f5714d4d380f31a7daf7d32c192a0921c68e24be7ef9e0805d2c47c13554ffd","observation_id":"f9b71a5d-0975-4219-a6ed-e355bb7fe654","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.759911Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.763623Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":9,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.763623Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1e9cac8734f6e5139d7be20037f50b64de5b6c2d9f7872fb5f8546cf3d92e872","observation_id":"76990980-a770-4a6c-aaa7-af04ce1a6b81","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.763623Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2405.05417","last_updated":"2024-09-27T09:03:05Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T18:11:48.858911Z","submitted_at":"2024-05-08T20:37:56Z","title":"Fishing for Magikarp: Automatically Detecting Under-trained Tokens in Large Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2405.05417","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.767570Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":10,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.767570Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2405.05417","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fb67fd70163df82efe5720b176d7fd7e9c9bfe31492d896bcab88aadcc6e9130","observation_id":"ecc8165b-820d-4d01-a388-e17ce8870faf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.767570Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":"10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.203","metadata_source":"doi_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.938127Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"bb3d6ca5-43a3-4538-8089-4a848e59904f","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":11,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.771804Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8d117463639410b19a04e4720c8c845ab8d69b5edc73e0b13306d73eb850e2f6","observation_id":"79195f88-fc0d-48df-b778-a8f7b2202767","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.946958Z","resolver_source":"doi","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.10508","last_updated":"2021-12-20T13:04:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T12:20:36.165718Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-20T13:04:18Z","title":"Between words and characters: A Brief History of Open-Vocabulary Modeling and Tokenization in NLP","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2112.10508","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.776405Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":12,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.776405Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.10508","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ffb9dca01c9d4681ed302e5c8260e68a46b4d2afa428d82e9027357706a9709c","observation_id":"f176c6cb-890a-4371-b7b6-e53edebd78bf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.776405Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.781530Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":13,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.781530Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8393ce410598db8116280214844b0713618dbf1d005a9e3d614787902bf64766","observation_id":"783e6909-4d6c-46e4-acf8-b05faf1cb199","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.781530Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.785507Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":14,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.785507Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:128ec58f49d0aa9fff4c8c2cda4eab50a6acc42effe0e8ad72f9abe7a247b044","observation_id":"2b00db05-2640-4105-995c-1d61adade5e0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.785507Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.789514Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":15,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.789514Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:eca8ce9ffa6d5ff664827fe261f04cf8e9131683508bf35cd2f17d94ff0e6b6b","observation_id":"07e60d85-3ecb-4164-a512-f2afc329879c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.789514Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.792926Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":16,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.792926Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:dc319cc5ce319ba96dd35529af9c8a98cad9bbfb0bf031de5844ab6886381567","observation_id":"23bc59bd-2a77-45a7-8644-0ae554f7cae4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.792926Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.797386Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.797386Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:00d28dc002efa704d4fec23d900c0cdb6239c0da705cb8b9cdb49b4a618987ec","observation_id":"e3758a73-b1d4-4307-8b65-c409604ea107","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.797386Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":"10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.17","metadata_source":"doi_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.901546Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"524460a7-ac88-4218-991c-faa256025ee6","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":18,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.801372Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3649e51093d7f845664ffc73684ead8a3f8bbc26d686cdd2e2110f4a77749522","observation_id":"f67d264d-77f7-45e2-bdfa-ea4d89dc09c6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.905517Z","resolver_source":"doi","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":"10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.397","metadata_source":"doi_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.888453Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"6aba9aeb-3d05-4f9d-91b9-35169ee3bf74","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":19,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.804908Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e74c4fcf42b67c23f0722e2836305688dcf96db00c19309c5c5fd7437a1de57a","observation_id":"ad3cffe7-803f-4703-be93-baf0f43e084f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.893880Z","resolver_source":"doi","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.809812Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":20,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.809812Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8df985fb6630fba825cf7c2093e2f03e8dc26f4233201c331c0eea1ef1c9d833","observation_id":"80f9cc71-5b5b-4e7f-8612-b323b21d20e5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.809812Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1909.03341","last_updated":"2019-12-05T19:29:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-03T11:51:31.815148Z","submitted_at":"2019-09-07T21:29:46Z","title":"Neural Machine Translation with Byte-Level Subwords","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1909.03341","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.814325Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":21,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.814325Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1909.03341","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:45fcb730a1bf080b69ac4a51aa408b15040e53ac8a95e1d10ff57edab461ed2b","observation_id":"44417b48-4317-44c5-bdfd-8b771e69254b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.814325Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.818734Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":22,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.818734Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ace046a79294e5a214f10c7b371f2aff268da7679f38a6eb27ab4dbb81e43117","observation_id":"63d296ea-5f11-483c-b7d4-cbc63ed2b7ad","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.818734Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.822876Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":23,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.822876Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:dccfc28b16297cd541b76ba4772d055922535b66ee1aa044cb5e743252ae34c8","observation_id":"94d2bed5-567b-4290-a6ad-8e557e34b33e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.822876Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1708.02657","last_updated":"2017-08-17T00:34:08Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-01T15:38:55.693917Z","submitted_at":"2017-08-08T21:24:44Z","title":"Which Encoding is the Best for Text Classification in Chinese, English, Japanese and Korean?","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"1708.02657","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"1708.02657","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:48.048678Z","title":"Which Encoding is the Best for Text Classification in Chinese, English, Japanese and Korean?","venue":"cs.CL","work_id":"30aa0f5e-ecb9-4e54-a5c6-cfce82d170be","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":24,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.826470Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1708.02657","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:466fee8c6a4335bd98d6bc4a85039169e770c8fe633d79ff2630096e62419fe0","observation_id":"eca5d621-04b2-4a0d-8501-4751527aa297","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:48.064441Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.830300Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":25,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.830300Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a772f93f1d3ea71168013fae3af5b740a15484fe60fbb4c23b29f1489a981351","observation_id":"2bba2cd9-80f7-44be-9212-6a2edf1bfbb2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.830300Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.834127Z","title":"online\" 'onlinestring :=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":26,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.834127Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:34ce7dfd377d989c064c2423e7c514dfe4b518a7b6cc6bce816a44fa51a90b27","observation_id":"fee78c91-b140-4288-8c86-f942b2d7c0d4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.834127Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.839084Z","title":"write newline","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary","version":1},"reference_index":27,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.839084Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.07541"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f4afb128fd9bd09b111c2c1a32621a22ad8803489356186f30c4b85464da3195","observation_id":"f6c9083e-06ca-4cfa-9c53-47dceded7b37","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:40:47.839084Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.07541","last_updated":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","latest_version":1,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T05:28:59.548607Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T08:28:16Z","title":"Bit-level BPE: Below the byte boundary"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":27,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":22,"verified_exact":5,"verified_fuzzy":0},"total_outbound_references":27},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T06:34:11.927384+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 27 of 27 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2506.07541."}