{"as_of":"2026-08-08T09:14:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:210d166bca278162ca574419113c8b41e4180546475de0055b2949941c8c19c2","coverage":[{"denominator":34,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":34,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.810318Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":34,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":34,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":0,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"cited_works","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2506.10491/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2506.10491/integrity","json":"/paper/2506.10491/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:55.349876Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"03c52edf-28a7-4aa0-8204-0809e2f4d3fa","year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":1,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.658717Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2fa8d18d612017274a4b562be9cffe8f8ca9aecb73a0f7ce522ed1fcd2314264","observation_id":"b14f75bb-c7d8-410b-93c8-fdd9a5522d3a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:55.429307Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.769347Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":2,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.769347Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:81ef78ee1a2c4db4d78f477096f916d7b7b6eed2299827d0f74edc6e23694410","observation_id":"aac28482-9b26-4443-bf5d-033a1d0ab0ab","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.769347Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:55.194349Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"3afc330e-f9a2-495f-b439-62215bf20201","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":3,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.832260Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a7e63087cb6cb399eb100bc9996c1c9db7856bd2e8b0f08b57b92c8c76e97c6e","observation_id":"d9fe4a6a-a746-403f-8861-ab11349d078d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:55.276195Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.998310Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"066fad32-e41a-4c4a-9bca-d7ab30630d15","year":2003},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":4,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.918842Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f35c3f052ed58c175182290f9c692ddc1be0c1be40d6cafb5a342191a29854f6","observation_id":"4d5aa27a-d3a6-4ea3-b41e-45432cd75364","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:55.089426Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.965398Z","title":"Bryson, and Arvind Narayanan","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":5,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.965398Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c6eda6197cc279bc4a31b817a84ac173dca8a8b62c56aa2a0d7c783b9c39afdd","observation_id":"4b6fb0e5-6d8f-4cc1-90ff-b5d4b52b2ca3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:49.965398Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.889764Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"719352c7-f946-4667-a87f-282055a68663","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":6,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.091637Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f0571c7122e7e5e6472f43a787773ef3519023cb2695ea70315efa6b0964da21","observation_id":"618bcb50-b3ef-44eb-a4b2-15e53149cd84","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.935514Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2408.10608","last_updated":"2024-08-20T07:40:12Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:32:30.889744Z","submitted_at":"2024-08-20T07:40:12Z","title":"Promoting Equality in Large Language Models: Identifying and Mitigating the Implicit Bias based on Bayesian Theory","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2408.10608","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2408.10608","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.553478Z","title":"Promoting Equality in Large Language Models: Identifying and Mitigating the Implicit Bias based on Bayesian Theory","venue":"cs.CL","work_id":"9f90ca5f-81ea-467b-b276-a309b55cd2f5","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":7,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.231823Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2408.10608","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b69c1683a10f7cde3925a4af6ee6b5918b9027217fdcaaedf713afa304820993","observation_id":"18123061-0e0f-407a-826a-0f61b533f092","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.637055Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2406.11657","last_updated":"2024-06-17T15:41:30Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T10:04:21.484738Z","submitted_at":"2024-06-17T15:41:30Z","title":"Can LLM be a Personalized Judge?","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2406.11657","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.310923Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":8,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.310923Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2406.11657","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:cc4a62f46c0af44cfb4fa2a0f48dae5a88b08c36a3aaad185d1dd41791461ed1","observation_id":"b80724c2-a1a7-4718-ac6a-61821406ac57","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.310923Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.407750Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":1961},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":9,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.407750Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3482524ce442b5a95d1c41aa42c635bb323d83f52b943c86575a0921dd7222db","observation_id":"be0ec439-65bd-4b22-a6c7-d045ac3dbdc6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.407750Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.758884Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"fcba29bd-e4fb-4ef6-b10a-eb0b4238eedd","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":10,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.516550Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:13be478727dd296051896b1a5ac5e9476eb15ccdff5546f35aeb4b710bb6306f","observation_id":"8ab9844f-4cd5-4292-b16b-5b4fcd0fdc3c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.825321Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.631772Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"73123c76-6c67-437e-95d1-acff5e5184f9","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":11,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.601465Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:eac2419b38f741b9c4dfb4dcaad8f8ae3373f2874d30fab7d7a38c133412a116","observation_id":"5c761ae6-7d23-42b8-9787-acdf65bd4236","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.672538Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.680152Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":12,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.680152Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:86592bb3d8d453a8e55b53c54d39dec281358262f50ab8a6f2183d5b5141e73e","observation_id":"292ec8dd-1445-4fb5-8694-6ebf7b1ca9a8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.680152Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.525126Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"e4fec5a6-2b33-404e-be3f-9330d0d23950","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":13,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.773285Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b0961351f66ccaf18990a47ee6253f4aa6dd3a8426567693461333514e864d6d","observation_id":"88c4f9cc-b524-42cd-a994-d52c93bc62a9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.564771Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2407.21783","last_updated":"2024-11-23T23:27:33Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T18:55:11.576666Z","submitted_at":"2024-07-31T17:54:27Z","title":"The Llama 3 Herd of Models","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2407.21783","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.837838Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":14,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.837838Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2407.21783","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7bc4eb914d7ac91a542d6f09a12e96a6b9a11fb67e4a9b7d902a7de8e41a509a","observation_id":"2436b7ff-46ed-45d4-a031-6333d866ec64","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.837838Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2503.01622","last_updated":"2026-04-05T11:46:52Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T20:45:46.299882Z","submitted_at":"2025-03-03T14:55:41Z","title":"DOVE: A Large-Scale Multi-Dimensional Predictions Dataset Towards Meaningful LLM Evaluation","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2503.01622","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.941247Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":15,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.941247Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2503.01622","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:544f8b14b7a9284c07a56ed9b66c00978fce7c76205de67a27e05a8f8daf0597","observation_id":"621ab5e2-fbb6-46ea-8d0a-2b107d03a6d9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:50.941247Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.033503Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":16,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.033503Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8fdf6c3c4ec34167a47a4c472d7483912bf0ad7b86dff6be73bc4962c940d38a","observation_id":"181192d4-4171-45e5-909c-921891569555","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.033503Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2409.11636","last_updated":"2024-09-18T01:56:34Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T07:01:27.778379Z","submitted_at":"2024-09-18T01:56:34Z","title":"\"A Woman is More Culturally Knowledgeable than A Man?\": The Effect of Personas on Cultural Norm Interpretation in LLMs","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2409.11636","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.106761Z","title":"a woman is more culturally knowledgeable than a man?","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.106761Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2409.11636","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:872f7c51c129d3b1975320c6b5c24769f3cd0dd366cc6ae20ff687e214e1e924","observation_id":"de2aa701-9528-42bb-afed-23964846e77b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.106761Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.06452","last_updated":"2024-02-19T14:39:07Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-29T18:39:02.141391Z","submitted_at":"2023-10-10T09:25:44Z","title":"Understanding the Effects of RLHF on LLM Generalisation and Diversity","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2310.06452","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.203465Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":18,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.203465Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2310.06452","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:75b51e3c34f90b75560e85ad6f40e6cbf83eeac1a54397b259238264c8793d75","observation_id":"cccd8799-141c-4517-9894-693752d3952a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.203465Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.333636Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":19,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.333636Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:84155cd7894caa3d00986933363ef84b46dbc97d4a2d92957f012c235592b3f8","observation_id":"50b014b8-020a-4cfc-a3d6-b26afa2efe50","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.333636Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.367883Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"08c7a4f6-bf02-41af-94e7-4c6aaf3e2dec","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":20,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.399968Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:dde0fb5ca81f7564f70f4573f682f48f820e7f46a5955ea364bbbcc911fdcd6f","observation_id":"01e19e3d-762e-4429-8d4e-d0d614b6dfe0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.469951Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2101.09688","last_updated":"2021-02-16T14:17:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T10:35:00.273588Z","submitted_at":"2021-01-24T10:57:59Z","title":"Stereotype and Skew: Quantifying Gender Bias in Pre-trained and Fine-tuned Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2101.09688","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2101.09688","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.203629Z","title":"Stereotype and Skew: Quantifying Gender Bias in Pre-trained and Fine-tuned Language Models","venue":"cs.CL","work_id":"88fceca9-715e-4432-b842-9594524426c6","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":21,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.502931Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2101.09688","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b24550e518aa419e0bb2502404180ad541fb45d07416fb8b919d0c3ad89d3b18","observation_id":"50d5de30-db0b-42f4-9cfd-5e74a3d5b90f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.269099Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.614522Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":1947},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":22,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.614522Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c6e08e51146a67d7a9a1145a6cf8e48da4bca91142a0b093db3c05d0467c6d8b","observation_id":"a4fa2076-47c2-4674-af45-075b972ea366","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.614522Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.169988Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"35729ff2-5362-423a-b723-bba97812bc1c","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":23,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.714098Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8fce9269b148340fb6ee0458f5af9e1bb80680edee008a28e2d0fbc5af1668b8","observation_id":"66376d82-a259-4760-82de-e39debde31c5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.252107Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.831823Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":24,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.831823Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:294bed2811e0d2e89388a8d3e8cd627101fa01e60424ce02a4d6286d47a3489f","observation_id":"62ea07d3-7721-4ab7-a9cb-8becd3cebb66","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.831823Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.039984Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"35f2e29c-573b-4c4c-ad3d-ec229f2d69b7","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":25,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:51.941528Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d4bb0afc2e3faf13c180f618a03acfb0343e03fa3dfbbcbcc69ee4a5b6ca2205","observation_id":"7e94ec14-e72b-4f51-b3b2-4a9810a4180f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:54.104916Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.850266Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"030b73e9-15c2-43e6-b39e-d08ae8f4509c","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":26,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.030061Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e95e7d8e8d691f9a47cfa46d6bf6af3ba9167f01d2fcb0dd6c76df7f5346a0ad","observation_id":"275eafbb-6ec3-4866-8810-a288dd7ed352","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.940982Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2412.15115","last_updated":"2025-01-03T02:18:21Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2024-12-19T17:56:09Z","title":"Qwen2.5 Technical Report","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2412.15115","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.113872Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":27,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.113872Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2412.15115","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:9c05db0b19531a9d12ea6fa5286798e708e4f76af013efde90f714b11684113a","observation_id":"707cd600-8553-40bb-a766-507e628f1657","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.113872Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.05070","last_updated":"2024-08-20T19:14:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-07T18:21:17Z","title":"A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.05070","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.242828Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":28,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.242828Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.05070","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d6e3c81a10ee6118ae7486f564a9c8983a934ce010809a1c097e58c073614e60","observation_id":"5acded5c-ec4d-4289-b475-ac4e59c8de75","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.242828Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":"10.18653/v1/2023.acl-short.30","metadata_source":"doi_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.930898Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"35c8ac7a-bfd6-4e6a-9b4e-040bc98bbef8","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":29,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.349375Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e569f8d8ba05f9194b4c19b390f02236923c15861785e1aa466a8c5c2ac250fc","observation_id":"f46bf566-9ae4-47d8-9330-9c7feca18ceb","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.029910Z","resolver_source":"doi","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.722384Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"3e560f26-f6af-4aa8-820a-288a745874da","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":30,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.435944Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b06f6d03d1927ecc73f5746bf93c1d46993120cefcdbd212ffe66b850ff65914","observation_id":"0cf3d111-ce3d-4c45-89a4-c693394da276","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:53.764161Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1904.03310","last_updated":"2019-04-05T22:36:12Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T07:44:16.974916Z","submitted_at":"2019-04-05T22:36:12Z","title":"Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddings","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1904.03310","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.507919Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":31,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.507919Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1904.03310","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bcd9cc8ea70e6756197c7f45e2ec28d43462f2e40d79a30dc3ed3f78c732221d","observation_id":"270d7771-f245-475c-89a5-6370d6974774","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.507919Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.642310Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":32,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.642310Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bc2f04641b73100b58449e159b3d04479add151f7c51552fd3c59d0b74f731c7","observation_id":"25c18561-e177-4df8-97fd-bede35557872","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.642310Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.704551Z","title":"online\" 'onlinestring :=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":33,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.704551Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4850a4e8f480fcb5503debd74861f1b8d85f2f62e6aba85eeff7fd6ad5c4dd82","observation_id":"1c5939cf-6587-43e8-8aa6-ae4ab73e1e9b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.704551Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.810318Z","title":"write newline","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models","version":2},"reference_index":34,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.810318Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.10491"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3dfb4ec9d29ee3c021f2ced22d76e133f0987da7a5c9a6570855c13ef1298c32","observation_id":"fca0148a-97be-45a1-98dd-2f3aa75a98e3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:29:52.810318Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.10491","last_updated":"2025-09-01T09:21:41Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T20:31:37.215400Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-12T08:47:40Z","title":"Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":34,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":31,"verified_exact":3,"verified_fuzzy":0},"total_outbound_references":34},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.10491."}