{"as_of":"2026-08-18T14:24:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:6ecd2e2cdb1be6577e75060d27a31e7302c648a821863d78746fea1d5eee559d","coverage":[{"denominator":77,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":77,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.410884Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":78,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":78,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":1,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T15:55:44.188964Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"pith","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T15:55:45.114885Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2506.15961","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T15:55:45.114885Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","venue":"cs.DC","work_id":"17799c4a-ce5b-4988-bb0d-23a668352cd7","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2509.10694","last_updated":"2025-09-12T21:14:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T04:12:20.754764Z","submitted_at":"2025-09-12T21:14:29Z","title":"Verifying Computational Graphs in Production-Grade Distributed Machine Learning Frameworks","version":1},"reference_index":58,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T15:55:44.188964Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2506.15961","citing_paper":"/paper/2509.10694"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a62f1f357c8d52225cb7121c1a6d760af329bd2f5a9c2bc26658eadac69ec802","observation_id":"0164a777-a2ce-4945-b4cf-859bd354f61e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T15:55:45.119928Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2506.15961/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2506.15961/integrity","json":"/paper/2506.15961/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.603732Z","title":"https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/","venue":null,"work_id":"27d2e0c0-19e5-4cd1-aa58-c950f66ac369","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":1,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.063513Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:af9ffcb4a174b30f5dd625f7758081c2acc1b5227e5f95a8f0e7f5328835ffb3","observation_id":"0de5a394-0ff7-4604-961a-0e98c7347e76","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.608065Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.588938Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"a1a2dce8-e1f1-4ea0-b3c9-bfa6ce65d7a2","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":2,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.069257Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:cf5e4b68ec53edc82e1f88ae3ad0e3b81eded7afa15cec6e7996d31af77e5800","observation_id":"b5a3bd3f-a3be-4d0d-919b-8ff59970dd05","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.594415Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.574486Z","title":"https://github.com/microsoft/DeepSpeed/commit/a85b6e472534d2e 0b61fe234fae4f6a2332c95bf","venue":null,"work_id":"a40dd012-b382-4d39-8341-4c4d223b538d","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":3,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.074117Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8b7d1a9f1bdecad71b66e5050dead4cff83494a8e6555bbfbf492e182687884e","observation_id":"0be9ebeb-497b-4aea-9860-8a45a265b069","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.579303Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.560552Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"d5eb03ac-2d58-4d1a-b640-2171ca8f89fd","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.078908Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8433f5eb30b46304bfe80012be321fa2d1b3a78cd98c1fa292eb19b94bf083a1","observation_id":"dabb25e6-1f4c-4aa4-aaf9-756b15431f86","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.564938Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.547282Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"f56b769b-54c2-4e4e-bffa-a1ea7b20b650","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":5,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.083461Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:327e57f66c3986dc733255d4b2e12a6a117d5e863e99e86018b29898cf6c1d5d","observation_id":"45b5e1a9-ba2e-48ba-bbec-0eb142f9cc1b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.551409Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.533196Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"b8ae1f93-fa04-40e6-9f1c-21b7a076fb21","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":6,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.087982Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b6b608686e2a513d25d8c88c2caed08d09fea8d789b08b183504e2e5077e1d15","observation_id":"84ae9204-9689-4614-b35b-42cc8f5c382d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.537743Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.519816Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"52294080-34b3-40ea-ad22-75f800f00aba","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":7,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.092750Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:df2e48429171e86f358a0a65358d6a23b8308169a26494828dce3c8ab48f4b7e","observation_id":"e89758a0-8b7e-443f-85d2-62a361366ef2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.524133Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.506241Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"52310fcd-d258-4a96-8440-c60a2df0bcc7","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":9,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.096909Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:abcfbfd9abfb59acc76cc0b769f2e7e50cc72531ac7b8114577832f5f12b3003","observation_id":"a2bdd0ba-46ae-4ffb-87de-8bb18a2360c0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.510508Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.492972Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"26b4d782-32c3-460c-9e78-96cc2d12061c","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":10,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.101180Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c71e9a3c786d0e27fff0dd2d6e025e846e311f7c6072607e4e0d54d14806b0d6","observation_id":"71a7b75f-f454-41c1-bd32-e56a6484da30","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.497338Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.478954Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"65a6e72b-6150-4a5f-88c2-fb63afb35f62","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":11,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.105622Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4c2313be6508748c90c320a962c04165b2044b4e9f4373293c4d76b66989f304","observation_id":"ceaf92c8-ba77-49f6-a2ce-d6a782b6be98","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.483277Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.464764Z","title":"https://github.com/NVIDIA/Megatron-LM/commit/32bbb76d5767fd bf8dc60d4ef07d103cef8aca02","venue":null,"work_id":"0ba0eef7-c457-4c64-b5cb-8dee4ad16155","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":12,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.109786Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:025b70c4f7244934f6d8c32f40503646eada691010bb4ed9ae153e9714b138b0","observation_id":"8ed8a583-5b00-4f77-82f5-7a43b4886c02","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.469508Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.450954Z","title":"https://github.com/N VIDIA/Megatron-LM/commit/9ad1944db1f97000377dc5aee36dcd65 6b1ae4a2","venue":null,"work_id":"62196b82-20b5-4d1a-a0c4-b09ed7f0381d","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":13,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.114218Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7057596958389ed0a7a7b94b503d1f3ada08143af0ecbd4e91a4894a2d687f7d","observation_id":"0f162f4b-b35f-4fd9-a693-ae20df6bb8ab","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.455583Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.437061Z","title":"https://github.com/NVIDIA/Megatron-LM/commit/6bd7 4b0e84577317c06c303f4dae26d249ab55d1#diff-c27f9f2765a43b5c78 1756ce9fe4b9abcc3618ec96157f5dc67c4a00a7900b73R777","venue":null,"work_id":"8024e08b-6fe7-441b-a775-63974d7d8241","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.118132Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:57abe9e5ee7e4671dffd420d1c8d03a41f73783d4e1acf339638cf084ae536a3","observation_id":"10bfb279-4275-4cbb-841b-423bc1648ce6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.441720Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.423648Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"4a793176-ed65-4450-bc1d-c1b3bb331bd5","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":15,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.122197Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ad4266826936e2e4016ff7aeb6873c2cfb61ded20c153e1546b6297bb7440ee9","observation_id":"61ccd7f7-4b04-4fec-ac27-138b8cef7cd8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.428141Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"commit/3373641","doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.752073Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"b927231b-84d3-4ce8-8b19-b6a2a5d532a8","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":16,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.126416Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8bb7e4bb58470cafef13da46cc45446dc4ba7fdc029e9ffdf2b26515c05bbeec","observation_id":"659ed11d-e976-40d4-a808-08ebc7f630b0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.759357Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.410196Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"734a42b5-485f-4b4d-8cac-0ccc2ec6b955","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":17,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.130576Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1d7439c641b12f9196a3a5cd916b55020ab6f2ca8c7f229a4f4ff05747f7d579","observation_id":"5474149a-e614-42fb-b112-5c5a467aa8d9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.414564Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.396395Z","title":"https://github.com/NVIDIA/Megatron-LM/issues/673","venue":null,"work_id":"3419ae52-c06c-4c6a-a611-2cf76a35fdc8","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":18,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.134639Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:57701b882e10ac017f11ba376f516bcdc85016f648fe0b3098e2ada5254009db","observation_id":"330cd719-f826-4f92-bcba-3613b567bd89","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.400844Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.382612Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"945de5de-cb40-4c9b-8bd5-91592296d783","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":19,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.138706Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3a0fe365a40f45b7b30fbd5a53b6bb1950e44f679320e59e9432968332785262","observation_id":"3deae4c1-99d2-4666-969e-4e62cef14d19","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.386809Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.368010Z","title":"https: //github.com/deepspeedai/DeepSpeed/issues/6714","venue":null,"work_id":"53a78b0b-53a3-41ae-bf20-6b40f4b167e0","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":20,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.142551Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f614efbc143938a21733df8226f551f0d0659987abbecf505a7f6adacb25493e","observation_id":"f44d0617-caeb-4462-a068-25d366fc826d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.373045Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.354844Z","title":"https://numpy.org/","venue":null,"work_id":"77aaa122-7ea9-4764-b7ef-840f0b5ddc1e","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":21,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.146881Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:562f0f4cb6f3aed005dd3fb70612a06b72c4658af820f3c4300e4e1dd78009e6","observation_id":"a6b85fe1-cba7-4fb1-a35a-155331144866","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.359024Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.341990Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"4f0e5c85-b15f-4ae0-a31d-b9138c970c8c","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":22,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.151176Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f40a1c2f4b057c75ccb33ca5b944db97974c537f74d30e1decbb97a9c6e3b55c","observation_id":"d82ab1e3-2011-4d33-b240-48b756203bbd","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.346196Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.329154Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"fce736e4-a400-404b-8f83-18330a529539","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":23,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.155493Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3d51779d31a2b0c33fef032434ebbb416994bb83ab8f0b423f863b0da46c0b6c","observation_id":"b14dd4f8-b014-435c-9f40-ecfc551e426c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.333376Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.315628Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"c0a37950-cd92-439e-a8fb-41d40d351343","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":24,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.159724Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5875f1b4b464592eac750e97fc20870abe6a8de9d5f39326d303868bb73064ba","observation_id":"43db4b7b-ea39-4ef9-a02b-e2b7e39d407a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.320056Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2303.08774","last_updated":"2024-03-04T06:01:33Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T09:58:46.058102Z","submitted_at":"2023-03-15T17:15:04Z","title":"GPT-4 Technical Report","version":6},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2303.08774","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.163870Z","title":"Gpt-4 technical report.arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":25,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.163870Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2303.08774","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f541f2e4a3fdbb92fa91173b0bc71491f69171e26a7a8c520138b07c851e575f","observation_id":"274dab40-d192-4bce-8934-801c800818c7","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.163870Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2312.11805","last_updated":"2025-05-09T21:04:06Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2023-12-19T02:39:27Z","title":"Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models","version":5},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2312.11805","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.168422Z","title":"Gemini: A family of highly capable multimodal models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":26,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.168422Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2312.11805","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d953a50b7a1914aee6b281d3c5d4e909baa6fa857bd2b1a0a4de22bdc6243961","observation_id":"be731aeb-aa07-4fe6-8eb6-1bf903656fa5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.168422Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.302218Z","title":"Tensorright: Auto- mated verification of tensor graph rewrites","venue":null,"work_id":"d050127e-65f3-4957-ab77-c6189c83f188","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":27,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.173283Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:925bf3f74376c49f58b36883faba515d62a7ca528333ee419471a4f8471b8a55","observation_id":"5ca6e752-e87e-4680-a941-0d8c6494f882","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.306726Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.288358Z","title":"Automaticdifferentiationinmachinelearning: a survey.Journal of machine learning research, 18(153):1–43, 2018","venue":null,"work_id":"17ab7722-7e79-4f52-a73d-a4ecb70d98c7","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":28,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.177760Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d547714c5c7ef77fdb6b6808cdb87f0b52fe86bd05e6acd1222ba9099ed72dfe","observation_id":"4531b14b-5be1-4ef0-a723-043f8ceaf038","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.292830Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2105.14450","last_updated":"2021-05-30T07:41:08Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T18:21:16.383131Z","submitted_at":"2021-05-30T07:41:08Z","title":"Maximizing Parallelism in Distributed Training for Huge Neural Networks","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2105.14450","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.182552Z","title":"Maximizing parallelism in distributed training for huge neural networks.arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.14450, 2021","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":29,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.182552Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2105.14450","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bcb960c10de6073dd91a549fc8055261dd2f72d22b1d984d71b92514f1ea6722","observation_id":"c0984fe2-64aa-4564-9a9b-86dce50bc89e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.182552Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.274009Z","title":"Language models are few-shot learners","venue":null,"work_id":"89bf35b7-798b-4269-bbde-89ce515878d9","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":30,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.187552Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c506f6dd7aa4ee0a8ad880ab9f5c344bcb6bd0de31d08d907a4734cd46f45b92","observation_id":"1534e088-3625-437b-ab97-e01b60206656","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.278676Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.258426Z","title":"Tvm: An automated end-to-end optimizing compiler for deep learning","venue":null,"work_id":"9e877916-0531-4faa-9bb3-8479462ef302","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.192123Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3027aa684ec250e15b04d0e8b450bcf5c34849fefec3ad1d40b57c75efef856e","observation_id":"9ebca64b-2c55-4712-bf6a-c34194c2e319","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.263493Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2405.21015","last_updated":"2025-02-07T23:27:07Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T13:47:20.570866Z","submitted_at":"2024-05-31T17:04:18Z","title":"The rising costs of training frontier AI models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2405.21015","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.196098Z","title":"The rising costs of training frontier ai models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":32,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.196098Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2405.21015","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:9ed04e7faa3b0d5d5df4ce2c2c0955363891e2d9ed4bbd55a972345c85be4682","observation_id":"89ee6e51-33dc-47c8-aa57-ac186c1123d7","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.196098Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.243575Z","title":"Z3:Anefficientsmtsolver","venue":null,"work_id":"f59df12b-6878-4239-bb59-e013e0163f9c","year":2008},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":33,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.200738Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1ea55d3d1b010ee0ab1bc5fa8a519702a883df989f42a1c6a8fb1b99c798c9d4","observation_id":"25a05fcd-efc0-4294-9c1c-9cdce113b0a2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.248252Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.228536Z","title":"Deepseek-v3 technical report, 2025","venue":null,"work_id":"e1f8bfd6-3da5-4642-9321-d8a00efb47ed","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":34,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.205019Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6c88e443dc7c543d2f3842c648f7ef55e67cd7921269b968d5b20691b5423ea8","observation_id":"d2ee2237-8e61-4d9d-8840-da078ac932e1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.232883Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.213919Z","title":"Real-timeself-drivingcarnavigationusingdeepneuralnetwork.In 2018 4th International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD), pages 7–12, 2018","venue":null,"work_id":"94151c8b-99d7-4d93-a39a-117632f57702","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":35,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.209154Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:46f7032baa57f78091fbbfd64db2c4296855590664783117e56e2c5237ee9407","observation_id":"e8461407-780f-4724-93f1-e2ba3fc6ddc5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.218813Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2407.21783","last_updated":"2024-11-23T23:27:33Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-13T17:20:44.002518Z","submitted_at":"2024-07-31T17:54:27Z","title":"The Llama 3 Herd of Models","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2407.21783","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.213342Z","title":"The llama 3 herd of models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.21783, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":36,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.213342Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2407.21783","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a5e12d08216fcb5af16180e5a5758dd6f62762c1d9bd626360cbfa3db7c4dbab","observation_id":"ab9bdea0-fea8-4284-846d-1115bf4890b4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.213342Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.199209Z","title":"On neural network equivalence checking using smt solvers, 2022","venue":null,"work_id":"4b3cfce0-e5db-4ae0-8b1c-d733c358176e","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":37,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.217712Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fe650b51877d3888f20b7ec1be32bc378b58b7230077050eeace36ea5da3bb46","observation_id":"38a4d594-a5fe-4bce-b4d5-a2cd6e433f51","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.203995Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.183923Z","title":"Gpipe: Efficient training of giant neural networks using pipeline parallelism","venue":null,"work_id":"e52b25c3-6407-415d-8a0f-f710b7d4f967","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":38,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.221774Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:07fd40c244845b896fd6f64e65eb806c16426d479f0f68ad46a78cdc05ea6a80","observation_id":"5382da95-59a2-472a-aad3-80d86592298e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.188687Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.168739Z","title":"Oobleck: Resilient distributed training of large models using pipelinetemplates","venue":null,"work_id":"8d79cee9-040d-4965-baf0-1e48f0a393bf","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":39,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.226966Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a6f9d93efd946479df0c2b99cd0ae33e77b32abf8017079f33d911762ad22195","observation_id":"1d42c84c-e880-47fb-9947-39a2c0302e35","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.173230Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.143926Z","title":"Taso: optimizing deep learning computation with automatic generation of graph substitutions","venue":null,"work_id":"c3f99701-b80c-4bc4-8372-18a1394b6574","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":40,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.235157Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:979d8bd938a8a9f7d365263d76991fe175796e95e98e38504d4bba42ea0fcfea","observation_id":"84c8da95-11f3-4fa9-8b90-9545e2d78a57","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.148710Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.129987Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"5a532f27-42ce-4130-8da3-60b2c3dcbc2d","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":41,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.248453Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7f9ae3826099bb81a44a94e9e3fc878987980e576f939ac29d53d7ee64b8c9c3","observation_id":"4bace65f-fdb6-4da6-be09-7fc40a52967f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.134441Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2001.08361","last_updated":"2020-01-23T03:59:20Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-13T17:41:53.092611Z","submitted_at":"2020-01-23T03:59:20Z","title":"Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2001.08361","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.252782Z","title":"Scalinglawsforneurallanguagemodels","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2001},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":42,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.252782Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2001.08361","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2727170eb96d82fbdd17d87bb0d67d43184425a957c580f7fa5d1504714ec1e3","observation_id":"23da4488-8deb-4e81-af8e-fbc47a9f176c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.252782Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.257465Z","title":"Reluplex: An efficient smt solver for verifying deep neural networks","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":43,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.257465Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d15daf7904bdd1337ca26431595fa547cbfff6c7b54051014bd2f58190a6155a","observation_id":"3353378b-a9f7-4bc0-865f-5ce03677187e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.257465Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.106228Z","title":"Reducing activation recomputation in large transformer models","venue":null,"work_id":"c9fbfbea-1d78-4205-98ce-3c0e15d713fe","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":44,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.261843Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e132e765f599bcc19fa9afd79125302ea686eb82b9c9783ac207c45e4608c51c","observation_id":"a8aa5918-dca1-409c-b768-10b22f7b2acf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.111067Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2105.13120","last_updated":"2022-05-21T06:03:54Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T18:22:05.145735Z","submitted_at":"2021-05-26T13:40:58Z","title":"Sequence Parallelism: Long Sequence Training from System Perspective","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2105.13120","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.266227Z","title":"Se- quence parallelism: Making 4d parallelism possible.arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.13120, 2021","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":45,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.266227Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2105.13120","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b533ed0f720d8a0a4909c5708d4919a3000ebf30dcf668de343ea7a8572787c7","observation_id":"44b98c82-50b6-478c-b160-f03d99b15532","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.266227Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.091751Z","title":"nnScaler: Constraint-guided parallelization plan generation for deep learning training","venue":null,"work_id":"236b2b58-4614-4906-b2fd-a30c7d6fbb87","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":46,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.270816Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2690d02bb122492e10cd14b25d08ec059f7e1a721bdbbeaac0935bb44725f18c","observation_id":"55a4e05e-78ba-4f01-95dc-00a25120ef99","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.096361Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1903.06758","last_updated":"2020-10-15T21:06:08Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-14T17:01:31.820968Z","submitted_at":"2019-03-15T19:02:38Z","title":"Algorithms for Verifying Deep Neural Networks","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1903.06758","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.274903Z","title":"Kochenderfer","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":1903},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":47,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.274903Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1903.06758","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:72fb31225c262be79b6b6d0ff5c14ec1adf61005dff354f064aae772548d8cbc","observation_id":"c90f9037-7609-49db-9756-49f31fb1dfb6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.274903Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.077844Z","title":"Aceso: Efficient parallel DNN training through iterative bottleneck alleviation","venue":null,"work_id":"a7eea9d1-7593-413c-9d29-b069e5e721af","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":48,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.279489Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d8249b5ade2c15938f3dd21fe3fb26e977d5aa636dbe17f2d9dd4b935c322aeb","observation_id":"813c10e4-3e90-43b2-8c97-48c3ebf4691b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.082276Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.01889","last_updated":"2023-11-27T06:38:47Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-14T10:14:18.862721Z","submitted_at":"2023-10-03T08:44:50Z","title":"Ring Attention with Blockwise Transformers for Near-Infinite Context","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2310.01889","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.283662Z","title":"Ring attention with blockwise transformers for near-infinite context","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":49,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.283662Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2310.01889","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:9820c8f73865863f219e8403538a5e95746585ced7496d964338273ec0c79056","observation_id":"169c38de-7699-45a0-a020-113c76c24e16","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.283662Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.064001Z","title":"Nnsmith: Generating diverse and valid test cases for deep learning compilers","venue":null,"work_id":"c249a6a2-b1b8-4b58-8650-48770e266348","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":50,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.288876Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:143f0bea3de0e349e583e0e18ea7b67135b3be6fe28af8c6f394fe97d71b1dad","observation_id":"7fd35743-f799-4eba-8f39-8bbab772aad1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.068853Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.048409Z","title":"Uncovering nested data parallelism and data reuse in dnn computation with fractaltensor","venue":null,"work_id":"4c2f03f8-13fd-445f-9c24-5d60bbe09d5b","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":51,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.293024Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:be53f0253c00c6dcd3c99007bab54f1e6b268e59a1dd3b88fe36c4e384557ee0","observation_id":"b22e1003-315c-4d51-b650-c075adcf29ee","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.053794Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.033554Z","title":"Differential testing for software","venue":null,"work_id":"b55c6849-76b4-42a9-9e74-73845f4a8fe5","year":1998},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":52,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.297513Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0f0a4884130176d387c80248a22c7774766c6fe2b9c9b165496c7e3c1477f1a6","observation_id":"6989d0b9-ef56-4635-8684-1057e7a62496","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.038308Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.301847Z","title":"Smith, Mateusz Paprocki, Ondřej Čertík, Sergey B","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":53,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.301847Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7fc1c248ac97dae15dad92b43f57950fe1e09d0e086a6da7beaa674ba885b8e5","observation_id":"2a579f8a-2c07-4bda-bb05-0d908f8822d7","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.301847Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.009757Z","title":"Towardsformalrepairandverificationofindustry-scaledeep 14 neural networks","venue":null,"work_id":"0a61adca-b46f-44ea-875d-7d64164aedfc","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":54,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.306223Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6457d0d22e543bd5aec9135a51183243b31dc733f2ef9d08ba7b8e0b896d0fec","observation_id":"2a1ceabd-e194-4e81-bcf2-2070d4166752","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:59.014521Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.311310Z","title":"Pipedream: generalized pipeline parallelism for dnn training","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":55,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.311310Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bb3a3291c221b8b007ce439372afb37b9bd32c0bbcc8d9015427a5156bfa91d2","observation_id":"489894a5-e548-4ba7-ab01-01583adbcb35","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.311310Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.315674Z","title":"Automatic differentiation in pytorch","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":56,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.315674Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e085c54c145aa71fdfae31e0324c1db5e78355a7129c8b1c577fdebe3117d0e4","observation_id":"2bdb5b81-5e7e-49c5-8220-3c48db58ad50","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.315674Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.975530Z","title":"PyTorch.https://pytorch.org//","venue":null,"work_id":"815282f8-f268-46d2-9400-fa600dc9709c","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":57,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.319977Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c00ebbdd49034ea26d13e32954e0c3fc214a2b578e462487b84041340873d17d","observation_id":"d039ec3a-e778-4cb6-b93a-3957e95fd72f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.980289Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.959934Z","title":"Deepspeed-moe: Advancing mixture-of-experts infer- ence and training to power next-generation ai scale","venue":null,"work_id":"c932ffe9-c759-436c-917d-46129313453e","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":58,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.324075Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:9212ac724e1e2229ff76be4014e4b739a257d8438a5da6700632a645d3ca1058","observation_id":"1b13a9fa-98db-4cb3-8a2d-ee16fc65078e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.965513Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1910.02054","last_updated":"2020-05-13T06:45:15Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T08:27:00.558613Z","submitted_at":"2019-10-04T17:29:39Z","title":"ZeRO: Memory Optimizations Toward Training Trillion Parameter Models","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1910.02054","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.328427Z","title":"Zero:Memoryoptimizationtowardstrainingatrillionparametermodels","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":1910},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":59,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.328427Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1910.02054","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4df9a389078c0175188210335744dfdf68d1b365aa07f31b513978c7d8c42f9d","observation_id":"6d19a884-936b-4e67-a812-96cebbb8af22","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.328427Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.333521Z","title":"Deepspeed: System optimizations enable training deep learning models with over 100 billion parameters","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":60,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.333521Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fc001ac529244d95ea5fc3d068e48279977eee7b583165b27576fa000d8f1500","observation_id":"ad11c4bd-9f04-4479-a608-94e42222dd6a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.333521Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1909.08053","last_updated":"2020-03-13T23:45:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-12T10:50:46.357243Z","submitted_at":"2019-09-17T19:42:54Z","title":"Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1909.08053","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.337796Z","title":"Megatron-LM: Training multi- billion parameter language models using gpu model parallelism.arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08053, 2019","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":1909},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":61,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.337796Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1909.08053","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ba6222eb84f8f780486be1b95a1f4bbfaa8b41d394f109ea5744f92d265a730c","observation_id":"fe1e40c1-e814-461c-8c09-9d4b2c1bd1f3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.337796Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.932163Z","title":"Deepid3: Face recognition with very deep neural networks, 2015","venue":null,"work_id":"0e0f93a4-9217-46a6-a94c-e8a703a6fa13","year":2015},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":62,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.342413Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:984c5a02db3b5b5826528391faba3f77544ecfa85067edf21995199ae9bdc8df","observation_id":"0d02a2c3-f003-4d66-8f57-697db8005137","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.937125Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.917983Z","title":"Perturbing numerical calculations for statistical analysis of floating-point program (in) stability","venue":null,"work_id":"741e0231-8c2f-4468-8c5c-377e72252af3","year":2010},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":63,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.346752Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1e7995c597b797689548a259cdee25bd122edf7ae75cc976087bfa131413a0c8","observation_id":"875e469c-3a2a-488f-915b-9442b3bd21af","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.922595Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.902983Z","title":"PyTorch DistributedTensor (DTensor).https://github.c om/pytorch/pytorch/tree/master/torch/distributed/_tensor","venue":null,"work_id":"bba4d870-10cc-4d1f-bbc3-b01f4c96cd76","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":64,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.351213Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:baf658dccc220c49c58d4ea42d18999ab3b07427289ba696c6a9db08ee573d0f","observation_id":"a3b8e898-9694-4f66-8f41-18e54bff9562","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.908140Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.888784Z","title":"TorchFX.https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/fx.html","venue":null,"work_id":"6f3ba317-2b45-44b5-8169-64c1371fa97e","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":65,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.355737Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:44d24308d97715e51b31e94db608748269f16fbb59ea5b066f040dca8a864b75","observation_id":"f650ec81-9ee3-4815-9243-318364f8ae74","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.893562Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.875334Z","title":"TorchScript.https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/jit.html","venue":null,"work_id":"bbfe4346-d18f-4a6d-88f4-ecd8cd529678","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":66,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.360184Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2c68aee13aacf8cfd3be036cf5403595c9be7b67a332a7c8a5216a09120f2dc7","observation_id":"ccd8354c-dd77-4b3c-8b02-abe11663d9aa","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.879689Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2410.20207","last_updated":"2025-01-29T16:21:27Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T13:05:44.970787Z","submitted_at":"2024-10-26T15:53:25Z","title":"Revisiting Differential Verification: Equivalence Verification with Confidence","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2410.20207","doi":null,"metadata_source":"pith","pith_arxiv_id":"2410.20207","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.477745Z","title":"Revisiting Differential Verification: Equivalence Verification with Confidence","venue":"cs.LG","work_id":"bda35092-3d67-4e9e-acbc-3324d9a78678","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":67,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.364690Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2410.20207","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e87bed9023f7eb89ad001d884c61bbe97d07013480f523aee2ad4b8c93c400f9","observation_id":"e7f1872e-6a61-4740-897b-4e76cf5a0e0a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.484726Z","resolver_source":"local_arxiv","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2307.09288","last_updated":"2023-07-19T17:08:59Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:56:43.323460Z","submitted_at":"2023-07-18T14:31:57Z","title":"Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2307.09288","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.369717Z","title":"Llama 2: Open foundation and fine- tuned chat models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09288, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":68,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.369717Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2307.09288","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7a5e8d5d633498f6196864553b78073a66d374c118f16a41b512d18d9c801f59","observation_id":"981b4a85-bb60-45ea-80e3-9debfa55b73c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.369717Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.374518Z","title":"Attention is all you need.Advances in neural information processing systems, 30, 2017","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":69,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.374518Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b0073c807adba5224a782a4a020d7acb2209ae82eede2e742a01b7718a9c3edb","observation_id":"6e308ecf-e9cb-4300-90d5-2cf1795deef9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.374518Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.852783Z","title":"{PET}: Optimizing tensor programs with partially equivalent transformationsandautomatedcorrections","venue":null,"work_id":"00cfbe1c-9728-499f-8a68-e5b10deaf177","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":70,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.379010Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:03af38e98851e97aa5b6bc9ecf7e8c13c27ea658bde224cdaf1b2011ca04b15b","observation_id":"7231bbae-c1f9-42cb-8930-57853c30c768","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.857548Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.383531Z","title":"Beta-CROWN: Efficient bound propagation with per-neuron split constraints for complete and incomplete neural network verification","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":71,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.383531Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e41c54e95b99b136100aa21fa208bdc5dcf6692d56c62964b5e689bc5174b127","observation_id":"58c3379d-edf8-43ae-b18a-60d72ee8948c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.383531Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.828958Z","title":"Program slicing.IEEE Transactions on software engi- neering, (4):352–357, 1984","venue":null,"work_id":"cc4afbd7-2f50-4feb-9199-9d8e5c36dc45","year":1984},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":72,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.388024Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:dbf0476bb8dc8f930bc3f3e493661ac4f5642252a467de52ade82c39c5a8dd11","observation_id":"6951e212-3030-4e9d-a0d0-5bbbda96dc15","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.833428Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.814107Z","title":"XLA — TensorFlow, compiled.https: //developers.googleblog.com/2017/03/xla-tensorflow-compiled.html","venue":null,"work_id":"6b780b07-421c-46d3-8623-9323fc04546b","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":73,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.392279Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7e01b2ea8794d060381b6798ced0b6a8f9dd9f17ae3eaee0c6c34c62de986f6c","observation_id":"50d95501-9a94-4d1d-bc46-94a8b1e3c533","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.818882Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2110.15032","last_updated":"2022-04-19T11:57:54Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T17:45:46.790286Z","submitted_at":"2021-10-28T11:32:14Z","title":"OneFlow: Redesign the Distributed Deep Learning Framework from Scratch","version":6},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2110.15032","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.396731Z","title":"Oneflow: Redesign the distributed deep learning framework from scratch.arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.15032, 2021","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":74,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.396731Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2110.15032","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0a4c6c36a43c30bc75d8b1c7c09b3ff0916bf47e0f8a9ec0bc62940ff6f4f719","observation_id":"95b47051-3488-459e-9e50-f3921741a216","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.396731Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.799230Z","title":"Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica","venue":null,"work_id":"b3647334-8081-4282-b21f-40df0faacaf0","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":75,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.401547Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0e77ec45fbc17ab74955356e2b5bc9cc3fd2a385d3fad836d81d9633ee4a4bfc","observation_id":"81f143b2-7800-45bf-a988-893d8ba12664","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.804652Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.785175Z","title":"Alpa: Automating inter-and{Intra-Operator} parallelism for distributed deep learning","venue":null,"work_id":"91b0019a-bf54-438b-b491-733a39963edc","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":76,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.406224Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0890dba81186ab3578187d9428f97b3ff4ebeffa2fa0f26a2bf149f98867574d","observation_id":"bd5b8130-54ef-4855-ab52-9b7ec36c704a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.789706Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"malformed_identifier"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.771095Z","title":"striding","venue":null,"work_id":"4b4663ee-3ab9-4d09-af1e-4a5e4c4a6e42","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":77,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.410884Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ff1081257a7b60ca749fd05812c270172448598a8870331cc9a5530269f77e7c","observation_id":"314f5633-3e9b-4361-9f65-18a22233d285","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.775588Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.231031Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training","version":2},"reference_index":2023,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.231031Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.15961"},"observation_digest":"sha256:de7470c6fd403d52e7d2775bca9456f856a636181d00e0caf23745b72748c21c","observation_id":"4d12a633-0eda-4103-92d2-d66407a1bf71","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:34:58.231031Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.15961","last_updated":"2025-06-24T10:50:28Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.DC","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T19:26:57.517380Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-19T02:10:06Z","title":"TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":77,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":1,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":36,"verified_exact":2,"verified_fuzzy":38},"total_outbound_references":77},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-18T06:34:34.496301+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 77 of 77 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2506.15961."}