pith. sign in

arxiv: 2601.15818 · v3 · pith:ME3G4XNWnew · submitted 2026-01-22 · ✦ hep-ex · cond-mat.mtrl-sci· physics.acc-ph· physics.ins-det

Muon beams towards muonium physics: progress and prospects

Siyuan Chen , Mingchen Sun , Jian Tang This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 15:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex cond-mat.mtrl-sciphysics.acc-phphysics.ins-det
keywords muon beamsmuoniumprecision measurementsfundamental constantsbeyond Standard Modelmaterials scienceaccelerator technologyhigh-intensity beams
0
0 comments X

The pith

Advances in muon beam quality now support precise measurements of fundamental constants and searches for new physics.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reviews how accelerator improvements over recent decades have produced higher-quality muon beams. These beams enable tighter tests of fundamental constants and broader hunts for physics beyond the Standard Model. The same beams also let researchers watch how muons and muonium behave inside materials at the atomic scale. The review surveys recent experimental progress and the novel detection methods expected to raise sensitivity across particle physics, nuclear physics, and materials science.

Core claim

This review states that progress in accelerator technology has produced muon beams of significantly higher intensity and polarization, which in turn support high-precision studies of the muon and of muonium. These studies yield improved values for fundamental constants and open new channels for detecting deviations from the Standard Model, while atomic-scale observations of muon dynamics supply fresh data on material properties. The paper catalogs the methods and techniques that are projected to deliver the required sensitivities in each domain.

What carries the argument

High-intensity, polarized muon beams that allow both precision spectroscopy of muonium and time-resolved studies of muon stopping and diffusion inside solids.

If this is right

  • Measurements of fundamental constants such as the muon g-2 can be refined by another order of magnitude.
  • Searches for new forces or particles can be extended into previously inaccessible mass ranges.
  • Atomic-scale mapping of magnetic fields and diffusion in solids becomes routine with polarized muon beams.
  • Nuclear-physics experiments gain access to cleaner muon-capture and muon-nuclear-interaction data.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the projected gains materialize, muon-beam facilities could become standard tools for both particle-physics discovery and industrial materials characterization.
  • The same beam developments might eventually support compact muon sources for portable spectroscopy or medical imaging applications.
  • Cross-checks between muonium spectroscopy and other precision platforms such as atomic clocks could reveal systematic discrepancies that point to new physics.

Load-bearing premise

The novel detection techniques and beam-handling methods described will actually reach the high sensitivities projected from present trends.

What would settle it

A next-generation muonium experiment that reports no improvement in the uncertainty of the muon magnetic-moment anomaly beyond the level already achieved with older beams would undermine the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2601.15818 by Jian Tang, Mingchen Sun, Siyuan Chen.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1: Schematic of the muonium energy levels (not to scale), illustrating the hyperfine [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: Schematic of the main components in a muon beamline. The muons produced [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: Simulated momentum spectrum of muons detected by a virtual detector near the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: Map of current or future muon facilities around the world, which shows their [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5: Layout of the High Intensity Proton Accelerator at PSI (reproduced from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6: Layout of the MUon Science Establishment at J-PARC (reproduced from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7: Layout of the MUon Science Innovative Channel at RCNP (reproduced from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8: Layout of the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source at RAL (reproduced from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9: Layout of beamlines and instruments at TRIUMF (reproduced from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10: Layout of the Muon Campus at Fermilab (reproduced from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11: Layout of upgrade plans of the HIMB at PSI (reproduced from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12: Schematic diagram of the experimental setup of LWFA-driven muon production [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13: Schematic diagram of ionization cooling (reproduced from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14: Schematic diagram of friction cooling (reproduced from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15: Schematic diagram of muonium laser ionization cooling (reproduced from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16: Schematic diagram of the muon linac at J-PARC MUSE (reproduced from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: FIG. 17: Schematic diagrams of different approach of muonium formation (reproduced [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: FIG. 18: Schematic diagram of Muonium-to-Antimuonium Conversion Experiment. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: FIG. 19: Operator-dependent energy scale of new physics accessible with experiments [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_19.png] view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: FIG. 20: Schematic diagram of the Lamb shift measurement in Mu-MASS experiment [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_20.png] view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: FIG. 21: Schematic diagram of the 1S-2S transition frequency measurement in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_21.png] view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: FIG. 22: Schematic diagram of the MuSEUM experiment (reproduced from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p045_22.png] view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: FIG. 23: Schematic diagram of the LEMING experiment (reproduced from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_23.png] view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: FIG. 24: Interaction during the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_24.png] view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: FIG. 25: Michel electron spatial distribution as a function of the reduced energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p051_25.png] view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: FIG. 26: Schematic diagram of a conventional [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p052_26.png] view at source ↗
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: FIG. 27: Typical muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_27.png] view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: FIG. 28: Temperature-dependent [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_28.png] view at source ↗
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: FIG. 29: Typical correlation times for various technologies. The orange bar indicates the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p059_29.png] view at source ↗
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: FIG. 30: Schematic diagram of the cascade process of a muonic atom. The red circle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p066_30.png] view at source ↗
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: FIG. 31: Schematic diagram of the MIXE spectrometer operating at PSI. Panel (a) shows [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p069_31.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Advances in accelerator technology have led to significant improvements in the quality of muon beams over the past decades. Investigations of the muon and muonium enable precise measurements of fundamental constants, as well as searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model. Furthermore, by utilizing muon beams with high intensity and polarization, studies of the dynamics of the muon and muonium within atomic level can offer valuable insights into materials science. This review presents recent progress and prospects at the frontiers of muon beams and high-precision muonium physics. It also provides an overview of novel methods and detection techniques to achieve high sensitivities in different areas, including particle physics, nuclear physics, materials science and beyond.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review article summarizing advances in muon beam quality—specifically improvements in intensity, polarization, and emittance—driven by accelerator technology upgrades over recent decades at facilities including PSI and J-PARC. It claims these developments enable high-precision measurements of fundamental constants, searches for physics beyond the Standard Model, and studies of muon/muonium dynamics for insights in materials science. The paper outlines recent progress, future prospects, and novel detection techniques aimed at achieving high sensitivities across particle physics, nuclear physics, and materials science.

Significance. If the descriptive claims hold, the review offers a consolidated reference on established muon-beam progress and its applications, drawing directly from documented facility upgrades without introducing internal derivations or unstated assumptions. This synthesis can usefully guide experimental planning in precision muon physics and related fields.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'novel methods and detection techniques to achieve high sensitivities' is stated without even one concrete example; adding a brief illustration (e.g., a specific technique referenced later in the text) would improve immediate clarity.
  2. [Prospects] The prospects discussion should explicitly separate currently demonstrated performance metrics from projected gains to prevent readers from conflating established results with anticipated outcomes.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful review and positive recommendation for minor revision. The referee's summary accurately captures the scope and purpose of our review article on advances in muon beams and their applications to muonium physics and related fields. No specific major comments were provided in the report, so we have no points to address individually at this stage. We will implement minor revisions to improve clarity, update references if needed, and ensure the manuscript meets the journal's standards.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in review structure

full rationale

This is a review paper that summarizes documented progress in muon beam quality at facilities such as PSI and J-PARC, along with prospects drawn from external literature and ongoing R&D. No internal derivation chain, quantitative predictions, or first-principles results exist that could reduce to fitted parameters or self-citations by construction. All claims reference external sources without introducing self-referential steps that equate outputs to inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a review paper; it introduces no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities. All content rests on prior published literature in accelerator physics and muonium studies.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5642 in / 971 out tokens · 61281 ms · 2026-05-21T15:47:59.898807+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. ALP production in Lepton Flavour Violating meson, tau and gauge boson decays

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    ALPs with LFV couplings above the muon mass threshold can be produced in LFV meson, tau, and gauge boson decays, yielding clean eμ signatures that enable new searches at future experiments.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 300 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper · 28 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    A brief overview of these interactions shows how muon spin precession and relaxation reflect the system’s microscopic magnetic and electronic properties

    Basic concepts ofµSR InµSR experiments, the measured signals arise from interactions between implanted muons and the local magnetic environment. A brief overview of these interactions shows how muon spin precession and relaxation reflect the system’s microscopic magnetic and electronic properties. After establishing a muon beamline with promising polariza...

    work page 2000

  2. [2]

    However, within matter, muons do not always remain in their free state, and form bound states instead

    Muonium inµSR The applications ofµSR introduced above primarily rely on the properties of free muons. However, within matter, muons do not always remain in their free state, and form bound states instead. The bound muon state can either be muonium or a muonic atom. By de- tecting their decay products, one can investigate various properties at the atomic s...

    work page

  3. [3]

    By utilizing high-energy X-rays emitted during the muon-nucleus interactions, MIXE enables depth-dependent characterization of elemental composition

    Muon Induced X-ray Emission (MIXE) technique MIXE is a nondestructive technique for elemental analysis, particularly in materials sci- ence. By utilizing high-energy X-rays emitted during the muon-nucleus interactions, MIXE enables depth-dependent characterization of elemental composition. These features make MIXE potentially suitable for specialized appl...

    work page

  4. [4]

    C. D. Anderson and S. H. Neddermeyer, Phys. Rev.50, 263 (1936)

    work page 1936

  5. [5]

    S. H. Neddermeyer and C. D. Anderson, Phys. Rev.51, 884 (1937)

    work page 1937

  6. [6]

    Tiesinga, P

    E. Tiesinga, P. J. Mohr, D. B. Newell, and B. N. Taylor, Rev. Mod. Phys.93, 025010 (2021)

    work page 2021

  7. [7]

    Detailed Report of the MuLan Measurement of the Positive Muon Lifetime and Determination of the Fermi Constant

    V. Tishchenkoet al.(MuLan), Phys. Rev. D87, 052003 (2013), arXiv:1211.0960 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  8. [8]

    Navaset al.(Particle Data Group), Phys

    S. Navaset al.(Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D110, 030001 (2024)

    work page 2024

  9. [9]

    T. D. Lee and C.-N. Yang, Phys. Rev.104, 254 (1956)

    work page 1956

  10. [10]

    C. S. Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hoppes, and R. P. Hudson, Phys. Rev.105, 1413 (1957)

    work page 1957

  11. [11]

    R. L. Garwin, L. M. Lederman, and M. Weinrich, Phys. Rev.105, 1415 (1957). 71

    work page 1957

  12. [12]

    Amato, Alex and Morenzoni, Elvezio,Introduction to Muon Spin Spectroscopy(Springer, 2024)

    work page 2024

  13. [13]

    Nuccio, S

    L. Nuccio, S. L., and D. A. J., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.47, 473001 (2014)

    work page 2014

  14. [14]

    A. D. Hillier, S. J. Blundell, I. McKenzie,et al., Nat. Rev. Methods Primers2, 4 (2022)

    work page 2022

  15. [15]

    A. M. Baldiniet al.(MEG), Eur. Phys. J. C76, 434 (2016), arXiv:1605.05081 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  16. [16]

    W. H. Bertlet al.(SINDRUM), Nucl. Phys. B260, 1 (1985)

    work page 1985

  17. [17]

    Charged Lepton Flavour Violation: An Experimental and Theoretical Introduction

    L. Calibbi and G. Signorelli, Riv. Nuovo Cimento41, 71 (2018), arXiv:1709.00294 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  18. [18]

    Sun, S.-H

    M.-C. Sun, S.-H. Zhao, R.-X. Gao, H.-S. Liu, A.-Y. Bai, and J. Tang, (2025), arXiv:2505.13877 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  19. [19]

    Gardner and C

    E. Gardner and C. M. G. Lattes, Science107, 270 (1948)

    work page 1948

  20. [20]

    The Mu-MASS (MuoniuM lAser SpectroScopy) experiment

    P. Crivelli, Hyperfine Interact.239, 49 (2018), arXiv:1811.00310 [physics.atom-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  21. [21]

    The Mu2e Calorimeter Final Technical Design Report

    N. Atanovet al., (2018), arXiv:1802.06341 [physics.ins-det]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  22. [22]

    A New Approach for Measuring the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment and Electric Dipole Moment

    M. Abeet al., Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys.2019, 053C02 (2019), arXiv:1901.03047 [physics.ins- det]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  23. [23]

    Arndtet al.(Mu3e), Nucl

    K. Arndtet al.(Mu3e), Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A1014, 165679 (2021), arXiv:2009.11690 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2021

  24. [24]

    Accettura et al., Eur

    C. Accetturaet al., Eur. Phys. J. C83, 864 (2023), arXiv:2303.08533 [physics.acc-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  25. [25]

    Baiet al., (2024), arXiv:2410.18817 [hep-ex]

    A.-Y. Baiet al., (2024), arXiv:2410.18817 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2024

  26. [26]

    Strasseret al.(MuSEUM), Eur

    P. Strasseret al.(MuSEUM), Eur. Phys. J. D79, 20 (2025), arXiv:2501.02736 [physics.atom- ph]

    work page arXiv 2025

  27. [27]

    Afanaciev et al., New limit on the µ+->e+γ decay with the MEG II experiment, 2504.15711

    K. Afanacievet al.(MEG II), (2025), arXiv:2504.15711 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  28. [28]

    D. P. Aguillardet al.(Muon g-2), (2025), arXiv:2506.03069 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  29. [29]

    Adelmannet al., Eur

    A. Adelmannet al., Eur. Phys. J. C85, 622 (2025), arXiv:2501.18979 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  30. [30]

    S. Ito, J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn.77, 800 (2019)

    work page 2019

  31. [31]

    Nuccio, L

    L. Nuccio, L. Schulz, and A. J. Drew, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.47, 473001 (2014)

    work page 2014

  32. [32]

    McClelland, B

    I. McClelland, B. Johnston, P. J. Baker, M. Amores, E. J. Cussen, and S. A. Corr, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.50, 371 (2020)

    work page 2020

  33. [33]

    S. J. Blundell, Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys.16, 367 (2025)

    work page 2025

  34. [34]

    X. Yu, Z. Wang, C.-e. Liu, Y. Feng, J. Li, X. Geng, Y. Zhang, L. Gao, R. Jiang, Y. Wu, et al., Phys. Rev. D110, 016017 (2024). 72

    work page 2024

  35. [35]

    Gamage, S

    R. Gamage, S. Basnet, E. C. Gil, P. Demin, A. Giammanco, R. Karnam, M. Moussawi, and M. Tytgat, JINST17(01), C01051

    work page

  36. [36]

    Paccagnella, V

    A. Paccagnella, V. Ciulli, R. D’Alessandro, C. Frosin, Gonzi, D. Borselli, L. Bonechi, R. Cia- ranfi, and T. Beni, inAIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3308 (AIP Publishing LLC, 2025) p. 030005

    work page 2025

  37. [37]

    Xu, Y.-S

    Y. Xu, Y.-S. Ning, Z.-Z. Qin, Y. Teng, C.-Q. Feng, J. Tang, Y. Chen, Y. Fukao, S. Mihara, and K. Oishi, Nucl. Sci. Tech.35, 79 (2024)

    work page 2024

  38. [38]

    Yuet al., J

    T. Yuet al., J. Appl. Phys.138, 024501 (2025), arXiv:2505.19777 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2025

  39. [39]

    Ninget al., J

    Y. Ninget al., J. Appl. Phys.138, 074502 (2025), arXiv:2503.18800 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2025

  40. [40]

    Hughes,Muon physics: electromagnetic interactions(Elsevier, 2012)

    V. Hughes,Muon physics: electromagnetic interactions(Elsevier, 2012)

    work page 2012

  41. [41]

    V. W. Hughes, D. W. McColm, K. Ziock, and R. Prepost, Phys. Rev. Lett.5, 63 (1960)

    work page 1960

  42. [42]

    K. P. Jungmann, inMemorial Symposium in Honor of Vernon Willard Hughes(2004) pp. 134–153, arXiv:nucl-ex/0404013

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2004

  43. [43]

    K. P. Jungmann, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.85, 091004 (2016), arXiv:1603.01195 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  44. [44]

    T. P. Gorringe and D. W. Hertzog, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.84, 73 (2015), arXiv:1506.01465 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  45. [45]

    R. C. Vilão, R. B. L. Vieira, H. V. Alberto,et al., Phys. Rev. B92, 081202 (2015)

    work page 2015

  46. [46]

    McKenzie, Annu

    I. McKenzie, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. Sect. C: Phys. Chem.109, 65 (2013)

    work page 2013

  47. [47]

    J. J. Reidy, R. L. Hutson, and K. Springer, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.22, 1780 (1975)

    work page 1975

  48. [48]

    M. A. Ruderman and C. Kittel, Phys. Rev.96, 99 (1954)

    work page 1954

  49. [49]

    Kasuya, Prog

    T. Kasuya, Prog. Theor. Phys.16, 45 (1956)

    work page 1956

  50. [50]

    Yosida, Phys

    K. Yosida, Phys. Rev.106, 893 (1957)

    work page 1957

  51. [51]

    Rüegg, C

    K. Rüegg, C. Boekema, W. Kündig, P. Meier, and B. Patterson, Hyperfine Interact.8, 547 (1981)

    work page 1981

  52. [52]

    L. Le, A. Keren, G. Luke, W. Wu, Y. Uemura, M. Tamura, M. Ishikawa, and M. Kinoshita, Chem. Phys. Lett.206, 405 (1993)

    work page 1993

  53. [53]

    Blundell, P

    S. Blundell, P. Pattenden, F. Pratt, R. Valladares, T. Sugano, and W. Hayes, Europhys. Lett. 31, 573 (1995)

    work page 1995

  54. [54]

    Andreica,Magnetic phase diagram in some Kondo-Lattice compounds: Microscopic and macroscopic studies, Ph.D

    D.-A. Andreica,Magnetic phase diagram in some Kondo-Lattice compounds: Microscopic and macroscopic studies, Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zurich (2001). 73

    work page 2001

  55. [55]

    Aeppli, E

    G. Aeppli, E. Bucher, C. Broholm, J. Kjems, J. Baumann, and J. Hufnagl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 615 (1988)

    work page 1988

  56. [56]

    Bauer, C

    E. Bauer, C. Sekine, U. Sai, P. Rogl, P. Biswas, and A. Amato, Phys. Rev. B90, 054522 (2014)

    work page 2014

  57. [57]

    Bauer, G

    E. Bauer, G. Rogl, X.-Q. Chen, R. Khan, H. Michor, G. Hilscher, E. Royanian, K. Kumagai, D. Li, Y. Li,et al., Phys. Rev. B82, 064511 (2010)

    work page 2010

  58. [58]

    J. E. Sonier, J. H. Brewer, and R. F. Kiefl, Rev. Mod. Phys.72, 769 (2000)

    work page 2000

  59. [59]

    Maisuradze, R

    A. Maisuradze, R. Khasanov, A. Shengelaya, and H. Keller, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter21, 075701 (2009)

    work page 2009

  60. [60]

    Sanna, G

    S. Sanna, G. Allodi, G. Concas, A. Hillier, and R. D. Renzi, Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 207001 (2004)

    work page 2004

  61. [61]

    Luetkens, H.-H

    H. Luetkens, H.-H. Klauss, M. Kraken, F. Litterst, T. Dellmann, R. Klingeler, C. Hess, R. Khasanov, A. Amato, C. Baines,et al., Nat. Mater.8, 305 (2009)

    work page 2009

  62. [62]

    B. A. Frandsen, L. Liu, S. C. Cheung, Z. Guguchia, R. Khasanov, E. Morenzoni, T. J. Munsie, A. M. Hallas, M. N. Wilson, Y. Cai,et al., Nat. Commun.7, 12519 (2016)

    work page 2016

  63. [63]

    Amato, M

    A. Amato, M. Graf, A. De Visser, H. Amitsuka, D. Andreica, and A. Schenck, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter16, S4403 (2004)

    work page 2004

  64. [64]

    Bourdarot, A

    F. Bourdarot, A. Bombardi, P. Burlet, M. Enderle, J. Flouquet, P. Lejay, N. Kernavanois, V. Mineev, L. Paolasini, M. Zhitomirsky,et al., Physica B359, 986 (2005)

    work page 2005

  65. [65]

    Y. Aoki, A. Tsuchiya, T. Kanayama, S. Saha, H. Sugawara, H. Sato, W. Higemoto, A. Koda, K. Ohishi, K. Nishiyama,et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.91, 067003 (2003)

    work page 2003

  66. [66]

    Spehling, M

    J. Spehling, M. Günther, C. Krellner, N. Yeche, H. Luetkens, C. Baines, C. Geibel, and H.-H. Klauss, Phys. Rev. B85, 140406 (2012)

    work page 2012

  67. [67]

    Hartmann, S

    O. Hartmann, S. Harris, R. Wäppling, G. Kalvius, L. Asch, P. Dalmas de Réotier, and A. Yaouanc, Hyperfine Interact.64, 381 (1991)

    work page 1991

  68. [68]

    S. Cox, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter15, R1727 (2003)

    work page 2003

  69. [69]

    Cox, Rep

    S. Cox, Rep. Prog. Phys.72, 116501 (2009)

    work page 2009

  70. [70]

    B. D. Patterson, Rev. Mod. Phys.60, 69 (1988)

    work page 1988

  71. [71]

    Nagamine,Introductory muon science(Cambridge University Press, 2003)

    K. Nagamine,Introductory muon science(Cambridge University Press, 2003)

    work page 2003

  72. [72]

    Prokscha, E

    T. Prokscha, E. Morenzoni, K. Deiters, F. Foroughi, D. George, R. Kobler, A. Suter, and V. Vrankovic, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A595, 317 (2008). 74

    work page 2008

  73. [73]

    Nagatomo, Y

    T. Nagatomo, Y. Ikedo, P. Strasser,et al., inProceedings of the International Symposium on Science Explored by Ultra Slow Muon (USM2013)(J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 2014)

    work page 2014

  74. [74]

    Feinberg and S

    G. Feinberg and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett.6, 381 (1961)

    work page 1961

  75. [75]

    Feinberg and S

    G. Feinberg and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev.123, 1439 (1961)

    work page 1961

  76. [76]

    A. E. Pifer, T. Bowen, and K. R. Kendall, Nucl. Instrum. Meth.135, 39 (1976)

    work page 1976

  77. [77]

    Bowen, Phys

    T. Bowen, Phys. Today38N7, 22 (1985)

    work page 1985

  78. [78]

    Abeleet al., Phys

    H. Abeleet al., Phys. Rep.1023, 1 (2023), arXiv:2211.10396 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2023

  79. [79]

    Alekou et al

    A. Alekouet al., Eur. Phys. J. ST231, 3779 (2022), arXiv:2206.01208 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2022

  80. [80]

    Grillenberger, C

    J. Grillenberger, C. Baumgarten, and M. Seidel, SciPost Phys. Proc.5, 002 (2021)

    work page 2021

Showing first 80 references.