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arxiv: 2605.04153 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-05 · 🪐 quant-ph

Quantum criticality beyond thermodynamic stability

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 18:14 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords quantum criticalityquadratic bosonic HamiltoniansKrein gapdynamical stabilityquasiparticle vacuumexceptional pointsentanglement entropylong-range correlations
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The pith

Quantum criticality applies to dynamically stable quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians even without a thermodynamic ground state.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that the idea of quantum criticality extends to quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians that are dynamically stable or at the edge of instability, whether or not they possess a thermodynamic ground state. The central object is a naturally defined quasiparticle vacuum that is Gaussian and coincides with the usual ground state when thermodynamic stability holds. A spectral feature called the Krein gap controls uniqueness of this vacuum and bounds correlations exponentially when open; its closing produces long-range correlations and marks the onset of criticality or multicriticality. This equivalence means the boundaries of dynamical stability are the same as the boundaries of criticality, witnessed also by scaling of entanglement entropy. The result brings models from photonics, cavity QED, and magnonics into the domain of critical-phenomena analysis.

Core claim

For the full class of dynamically stable quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians, the quasiparticle vacuum is the relevant state for quantum criticality; the Krein gap plays the role of the spectral gap, and criticality occurs when this gap closes at an exceptional point or a Krein collision, producing long-range correlations in the vacuum regardless of thermodynamic stability.

What carries the argument

The Krein gap, the minimal spectral separation between creation and annihilation operators in the Krein-space formulation of the Hamiltonian, which enforces uniqueness of the quasiparticle vacuum and exponential decay of its correlations when positive.

If this is right

  • Long-range correlations appear in the quasiparticle vacuum precisely when the Krein gap closes.
  • Scaling of entanglement entropy and information-geometry indicators detect criticality even in thermodynamically unstable cases.
  • The boundary of dynamical stability coincides with the boundary of criticality or multicriticality.
  • All dynamically stable quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians become accessible to critical-phenomena methods.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Platforms in photonics and magnonics can now be checked for critical scaling using the same entanglement and correlation diagnostics applied to thermodynamically stable systems.
  • The framework suggests that Krein-gap closing could serve as a practical experimental signature for the onset of dynamical instabilities in driven bosonic devices.
  • Information-geometry tools may provide quantitative comparisons between bosonic critical points and those in fermionic or spin systems.

Load-bearing premise

The quasiparticle vacuum is uniquely defined when the Krein gap is positive and correlations remain exponentially bounded unless the gap closes, based on the spectral properties of quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians in Krein space.

What would settle it

In a finite-range quadratic bosonic model, measure whether two-point correlations in the quasiparticle vacuum decay exponentially for all parameter values where the Krein gap is open and become long-range exactly when the gap closes at an exceptional point or Krein collision.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.04153 by Emilio Cobanera, Lorenza Viola, Mariam Ughrelidze, Vincent P. Flynn.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Pictorial rendering of the landscape of QBHs. Our theory of criticality applies to the entire class of dynamically stable QBHs. The boundary between dynamically stable and unstable QBHs (red dashed line) boasts a mixture of both possible types of bosonic spectral singularities: dynamically unstable QBHs on the boundary host EPs, while the stable ones exhibit KCs. All thermodynamically stable QBHs are dynam… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Representative band structures with the direct and indirect Krein gaps labeled. In all cases, the blue curves represent the three quasiparticle energy bands {ω1(k) ≤ ω2(k) ≤ ω3(k)}, while the red curves depict the (fictitious) hole energy bands {−ω1(−k) ≥ −ω2(−k) ≥ −ω3(−k)}. Left: A thermodynamically stable configuration with both gaps about zero energy. Middle: A thermodynamically unstable configuration w… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Eigenvalues of the interpolation model, Eq. (46), with positive (blue) and negative (red) Krein signature. At s = s1 = 1/3, thermodynamic stability is lost – the indirect Krein gap closes at zero energy. However, the direct Krein gap remains open until s = s2 = 1/2, where it finally closes for k = 0, ±π. The values s1, s2 are defined in Eq. (47) and the parameters are J = 2, ∆ = Ω = 1. The Bloch dynamical … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Left: Correlation functions for the interpolation model from Eq. (49), for different values of s. For s < s2, the darker the color, the larger the value of s. The curve corresponding to s = s2 is shaded in red. The exponential decay persists throughout (before and after the loss of thermodynamic stability at s1), with the correlation length diverging as s → s2. Correlations are algebraic at s2. Right: Abso… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Correlation functions and Krein gap for the double harmonic chain. (a) Log plot of |⟨pjpj+r⟩| with a fixed ∆Krein = 0.001 and varying choice of parameters (Ω1, Ω2) (see also panel d): from darkest to lightest colors, the values of Ω2 (Ω1) are varied from 10−3 to 1, with increments of 10−2 . The exponential decay of correlations is shown for 20 points, that are sampled ∆Krein away from the EP at Ω1 = 0, Ω2 … view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: (a) The dynamical stability phase diagram of the double harmonic chain, with blue curves representing paths Ω1 = Ωn 2 and n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 from darkest to lightest. (b) Momentum correlation functions of the double harmonic chain for fixed r = 50, plotted as a function of Ω2 along various paths approaching the KC: Ω1 = Ωn 2 , with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, from darkest to lightest. In all cases (except for n = 1,… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: EE of a symmetrically bisected chain as a function of the Krein gap. (a) Interpolation model for different system size N: the EE reaches a limiting asymptotic value inversely proportional to ∆Krein. No qualitative changes are seen between regions where the model is thermodynamically stable (here, ∆Krein ≳ 0.57), or unstable (∆Krein ≲ 0.57). Parameters J = 2, ∆ = Ω = 1. (b) and (c): Double harmonic chain fo… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Left: The k-space QMT for the double harmonic chain, log Ä g LR Ω1Ω2 (k = 0)ä , displays a divergent behavior near the critical values of the parameters Ω1, Ω2 at k = kc = 0. Around Ω1 = Ω2 = 0, the QMT reflects the characteristic multicritical nature of the KC. Right: A density plot of the distance between the QPV and the Fock vacuum, as quantified by the quantum fidelity for zero-mean pure Gaussian state… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

For a many-body system in equilibrium, described by a thermodynamically stable Hamiltonian, quantum criticality is associated with structural changes of the many-body ground state. However, there exist physically relevant models, notably, certain quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians (QBHs), which fail to have a ground state. QBHs can be dynamically stable or unstable. We show the notion of criticality is meaningful for the entire class of QBHs that are dynamically stable or at the boundary of instability, regardless of thermodynamic stability, and that the key state for such QBHs is a naturally and unambiguously defined quasiparticle vacuum (QPV). This state is Gaussian, and coincides with the ground state if the QBH is thermodynamically stable. We identify a relevant spectral gap, the Krein gap, associated to the minimal spectral separation between creation and annihilation operators, and show that the QPV is unique when the Krein gap is positive. We prove that, for dynamically stable QBHs with finite-range couplings, correlations are exponentially bounded unless the Krein gap closes, which is associated with one of two spectral degeneracies: an exceptional point or a Krein collision. Consequently, long-range QPV correlations can ensue. Thus, the Krein gap takes the role of the spectral gap for dynamically stable QBHs, and the boundary of dynamical stability and criticality (associated to exceptional points) or multicriticality (associated to Krein collisions) are the same. We also find that bosonic critical behavior beyond thermodynamic stability is witnessed by the scaling of the entanglement entropy and other indicators of equilibrium criticality from information geometry. Our framework opens the door to investigating all dynamically stable QBHs through the lens of critical phenomena, including thermodynamically unstable ones from photonics, cavity-QED, and magnonics.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper extends the concept of quantum criticality to the class of dynamically stable quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians (QBHs), including those that are thermodynamically unstable. It defines a quasiparticle vacuum (QPV) as the key Gaussian state (coinciding with the ground state when thermodynamically stable), introduces the Krein gap as the minimal spectral separation between creation and annihilation operators, proves uniqueness of the QPV for positive Krein gap, and shows that finite-range couplings imply exponentially bounded QPV correlations unless the gap closes at an exceptional point or Krein collision. The boundaries of dynamical stability and criticality (or multicriticality) coincide, and critical behavior is witnessed by entanglement entropy scaling and information-geometry indicators. The framework applies to systems in photonics, cavity-QED, and magnonics.

Significance. If the spectral-theory claims hold, the work meaningfully broadens quantum criticality beyond thermodynamic stability, providing a rigorous route to analyze critical phenomena in physically relevant unstable bosonic systems. The identification of the Krein gap as the direct analogue of the usual spectral gap, together with the uniqueness and exponential-decay results, supplies falsifiable predictions and a parameter-free structural link between dynamical stability boundaries and criticality. This could enable new studies of exceptional-point physics and long-range correlations in non-equilibrium settings.

major comments (3)
  1. [§4, Theorem on QPV uniqueness] §4 (spectral properties of QBHs in Krein space), Theorem on QPV uniqueness: the proof that a positive Krein gap implies a unique QPV rests on symplectic diagonalizability and the absence of Jordan blocks for real eigenvalues. The manuscript must explicitly state the precise conditions on the indefinite metric under which these hold for QBHs; if negative-norm modes can produce residual non-diagonalizable contributions, the uniqueness claim fails even for positive Krein gap.
  2. [§5, Eq. (bound on correlations)] §5 (exponential bounds), Eq. (bound on correlations): the exponential decay of QPV correlations for finite-range couplings is asserted to follow from the Krein gap unless it closes. The derivation should provide the explicit decay rate in terms of the gap size and verify that the finite-range assumption is used rigorously rather than heuristically; otherwise the identification of Krein-gap closure with the onset of long-range correlations is not secured.
  3. [§6, equivalence statement] §6 (equivalence of boundaries), statement that dynamical-stability boundary coincides with criticality: the argument equates exceptional points and Krein collisions with the loss of the Krein gap. A concrete counter-example or additional spectral condition is needed to rule out cases where the gap closes without triggering an exceptional point or collision, which would break the claimed equivalence.
minor comments (2)
  1. [§2] Notation for the Krein inner product and the definition of the QPV should be introduced with an explicit formula in the main text rather than deferred to an appendix.
  2. [Figure 2] Figure 2 (spectral diagram) would benefit from labeling the Krein gap explicitly on the plot and adding a caption sentence explaining how the gap size controls the correlation length.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments, which help strengthen the rigor of our spectral analysis. We address each major comment point by point below, with revisions planned where appropriate to clarify conditions and derivations.

read point-by-point responses
  1. Referee: §4 (spectral properties of QBHs in Krein space), Theorem on QPV uniqueness: the proof that a positive Krein gap implies a unique QPV rests on symplectic diagonalizability and the absence of Jordan blocks for real eigenvalues. The manuscript must explicitly state the precise conditions on the indefinite metric under which these hold for QBHs; if negative-norm modes can produce residual non-diagonalizable contributions, the uniqueness claim fails even for positive Krein gap.

    Authors: We appreciate this request for explicit conditions. In our setup, QBHs carry the standard Krein-space structure induced by the bosonic commutation relations, with the Hamiltonian self-adjoint relative to the indefinite metric. Dynamical stability ensures a real spectrum, and the positive Krein gap separates positive- and negative-norm subspaces, precluding Jordan blocks. We will revise the theorem in §4 to state these metric conditions explicitly and confirm that negative-norm modes introduce no residual non-diagonalizable contributions when the gap is positive. revision: yes

  2. Referee: §5 (exponential bounds), Eq. (bound on correlations): the exponential decay of QPV correlations for finite-range couplings is asserted to follow from the Krein gap unless it closes. The derivation should provide the explicit decay rate in terms of the gap size and verify that the finite-range assumption is used rigorously rather than heuristically; otherwise the identification of Krein-gap closure with the onset of long-range correlations is not secured.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit rate improves clarity. Finite-range couplings render the Hamiltonian a banded operator, permitting rigorous application of resolvent estimates (Combes-Thomas type) in the complex plane. The correlations then decay as O(exp(−κ r)) with κ proportional to the Krein gap size (scaled by the bandwidth). We will update §5 to derive and state this rate explicitly, confirming the finite-range assumption is used to justify the analytic continuation and thereby secure the link to long-range correlations upon gap closure. revision: yes

  3. Referee: §6 (equivalence of boundaries), statement that dynamical-stability boundary coincides with criticality: the argument equates exceptional points and Krein collisions with the loss of the Krein gap. A concrete counter-example or additional spectral condition is needed to rule out cases where the gap closes without triggering an exceptional point or collision, which would break the claimed equivalence.

    Authors: By definition of the Krein gap for these operators—the minimal separation between positive and negative spectral branches in the Krein space—its closure requires either an exceptional point (loss of diagonalizability) or a Krein collision (real-axis degeneracy). This follows from spectral symmetry and self-adjointness in the indefinite metric; no other closure mechanism exists. We will add a clarifying remark in §6 with a reference to the relevant Krein-space result to make the equivalence explicit and rule out extraneous cases. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity detected; derivation self-contained via Krein-space spectral theory

full rationale

The paper's central claims rest on proving that a positive Krein gap implies uniqueness of the quasiparticle vacuum (QPV) and that finite-range dynamically stable QBHs have exponentially bounded correlations unless the gap closes. These are presented as theorems derived from the spectral properties of quadratic bosonic operators in Krein space (symplectic diagonalizability, absence of Jordan blocks for real eigenvalues, and gap implying exponential decay). No self-definitional steps appear, no parameters are fitted to data and then relabeled as predictions, and no load-bearing self-citations reduce the argument to prior unverified work by the same authors. The framework extends standard notions of criticality and gaps without tautological reduction to its inputs. The provided abstract and description contain no equations or citations that exhibit the enumerated circular patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 2 invented entities

The framework rests on standard mathematical properties of quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians and Krein spaces; the quasiparticle vacuum and Krein gap are the central constructs adapted for this setting.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians admit a well-defined quasiparticle vacuum when dynamically stable
    Invoked to identify the key state replacing the ground state.
  • standard math Krein-space spectral theory applies to the separation of creation and annihilation operators
    Used to define the Krein gap and its closure conditions.
invented entities (2)
  • Quasiparticle vacuum (QPV) no independent evidence
    purpose: Central state whose correlations signal criticality in dynamically stable QBHs
    Defined naturally from the Hamiltonian but no external falsifiable signature supplied in abstract.
  • Krein gap no independent evidence
    purpose: Spectral gap whose closure marks the boundary of dynamical stability and criticality
    Introduced as the minimal separation between creation and annihilation operators.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5623 in / 1505 out tokens · 79701 ms · 2026-05-08T18:14:20.703859+00:00 · methodology

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