{"as_of":"2026-08-21T18:03:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:e4a4f791950eabc7887b0effa06c11e62e4d66ca43dfdb2d434448c20ca4f0d2","coverage":[{"denominator":35,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":35,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.740231Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":35,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":35,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":0,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"cited_works","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2608.03044/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2608.03044/integrity","json":"/paper/2608.03044/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.283051Z","title":"2026 , month = feb, day =","venue":null,"work_id":"a5db36ad-edde-473b-8e66-c4a0d215a8ea","year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":1,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.566183Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:af96ab356e9d982a1dfecebc6b904aeabb0a9797ee535abc3daa220369ad2c26","observation_id":"ca2b3072-0673-4a68-95e6-7d52dda98620","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.288450Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.571778Z","title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning , articleno =","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":2,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.571778Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2889028c3fb286666592fbe6085a900199c1c006aa1f06470bde234931fbb606","observation_id":"b3de6333-4831-4b34-8e7f-0e97abd8fb8f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.571778Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.579240Z","title":"Benchmarking Distributional Alignment of Large Language Models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":3,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.579240Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8de3fd0626352daa3e370dd11a74899224b07e763817b32d60e1f2c2f3c55243","observation_id":"4628857c-f23f-4f36-b5e2-aa8c51347762","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.579240Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.585021Z","title":"Specializing Large Language Models to Simulate Survey Response Distributions for Global Populations","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":4,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.585021Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fc59923fc2b8aaaf95e395cef8266d01eaab35acaa52f1f61688074961f2e2c9","observation_id":"3c98e010-3453-45b1-9821-cd4aea901127","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.585021Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.590383Z","title":"Language Model Fine-Tuning on Scaled Survey Data for Predicting Distributions of Public Opinions","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":5,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.590383Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:96521eada1c40082468764db80fe165204c0dcf564cc45d8cfc778259c35033b","observation_id":"5d67f97a-0ca5-4b96-892d-dfa45de72666","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.590383Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.255938Z","title":"Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samples , volume =","venue":null,"work_id":"ead3ac96-1556-4b14-8e58-628c18857fc4","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":6,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.595849Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b6e44e6433240e543c71bbadf41d2bc8589261df8b010220068ae7c183910e2f","observation_id":"7a47cb22-b585-4855-ada9-29a7a0021c4a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.261132Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.948772Z","title":", title =","venue":null,"work_id":"a08db40e-7423-4f80-931e-413eae4f02d2","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":7,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.601042Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c03932e92e78e66cdd4e03d5c4d27e8276c7f23882bf2396c3515aac4d597fb2","observation_id":"930524c0-d2aa-46e0-996a-2c6bf6e2b2c2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.955623Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id_nonexistent","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.606538Z","title":"``My Answer is C '': First-Token Probabilities Do Not Match Text Answers in Instruction-Tuned Language Models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":8,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.606538Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:eaf14f6f1fdbd807ab345b7ec40c8ece8246170f1b80703e3d1b585f8b875c71","observation_id":"1b84a8a4-130b-46b4-b3d2-b0fd07384db7","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.606538Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.611343Z","title":"Virtual Personas for Language Models via an Anthology of Backstories","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":9,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.611343Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2b009919b1df64edd4976a515fdbe5c1bd2cfd16e1cc000866a8f1c6b5c17f8b","observation_id":"988243c0-225a-4070-8f0b-9769e905e047","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.611343Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.616228Z","title":"Sociodemographic Prompting is Not Yet an Effective Approach for Simulating Subjective Judgments with LLM s","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":10,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.616228Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3bb5c1e4c746026a55a376c8772ddf1e3ce5aeff39a190fd0751b22a7f29532c","observation_id":"c54437e6-4328-4ba4-8718-108185128605","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.616228Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.621547Z","title":"Systematic Biases in LLM Simulations of Debates","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":11,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.621547Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f73cdedf17be8fe35299831b0ac0f39f9c103cad78d211bd4d6ac92ad31e989e","observation_id":"03a35e30-152d-44c3-a15e-17b869e41509","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.621547Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.627120Z","title":"2024 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":12,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.627120Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d196a5810f4a70341c52d6a0cfdb9e676178c4ecda5d9ec3721204900e5d44b2","observation_id":"e557fc3c-446b-4f5d-b257-f2eb06e2717b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.627120Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.228376Z","title":"and Rosenthal, Seth A","venue":null,"work_id":"34ef930f-076d-45df-b2c3-50f640066f0b","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":13,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.632152Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fe6d970381577656d0359111bb141e31919705947111ea02bdd779da2f1795cd","observation_id":"3227b0ce-4a03-4740-af90-8c3f54430af3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.233383Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.210115Z","title":"2024 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"5ef138b8-d432-47cd-ab1a-f9b12196a05e","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":14,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.636935Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:65a3a1f2302b97a3544d4804dcffc3eda5187930d5d057f23c18cbce8af28e50","observation_id":"525ec5fd-6888-4e70-bd1a-bee94266f8c8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.215694Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.641634Z","title":"2026 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":15,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.641634Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a0470dfe5f02730b989c17f1667d79a9e9c1a7a21598a5d044e11fe482ff11ac","observation_id":"8f237c08-aa55-40a2-91ec-118ac73f76e9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.641634Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.180958Z","title":"2025 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"1668de62-e27b-4ed0-a1e6-f944b5e7ccc6","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":16,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.646737Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:60e6296be6dad33c1f1dc3959c064d3a32a14719a391d2b5b7cda654e5d4d07a","observation_id":"50706dfd-f76d-4a9f-b6f9-f93d8b4fa497","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.186091Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.651832Z","title":"Do LLM s Exhibit Human-like Response Biases? A Case Study in Survey Design","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.651832Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bcdd85e7d83bdfa1c5ca7c08415f593bf7cb66e5c17fd04a9d9c19c622bda2d3","observation_id":"df3e9dd3-2a18-40ab-b98b-b7eee43dac19","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.651832Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.163733Z","title":"Questioning the survey responses of large language models , year =","venue":null,"work_id":"061f40db-14ff-4f08-895a-f5cea947afaf","year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":18,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.656802Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:54e29816db8cf43e5559aa04f36e89bdc2b7adfc71daf04f957a1d5b388d5bc1","observation_id":"15c8850a-c954-4f98-a0a8-ad14d6ca293d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.169817Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.147080Z","title":"2026 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"583cb0cd-780b-4dd8-a833-f74ea80adf5e","year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":19,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.662027Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bb08860a52bc15b6370db4fefeacf7b60fb259eafd2f08283a675e61fd203173","observation_id":"949c4fd5-0893-4233-86f4-a21eef57ca77","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.152309Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.130370Z","title":"2026 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"a045142d-47e0-45d3-b52f-093954f9a724","year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":20,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.666808Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:22d182f9a4dae111d1938469450b9e9d2a81aa36c918184591ba52f4819033f5","observation_id":"590acc4b-3f9f-4a1d-a605-c25b57e022fa","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.135795Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.671661Z","title":"The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track , year=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":21,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.671661Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:95329ace7904cb3de56b283b2b6ff426c66aaac9ae7357e9df1533e579a4c445","observation_id":"6cc63830-feb4-48cf-a3a8-ae854587750a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.671661Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.103032Z","title":"2026 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"2301ac89-3c58-4477-ae8a-384d6e9943d5","year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":22,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.676661Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:04ecd3e5309e96cfbd73ebef70a48dee7437818345d3f7d067b0bd3e1f836b52","observation_id":"9eef2aae-c3fa-4240-b963-e3cba6f70e66","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.108213Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.087037Z","title":"2026 , url =","venue":null,"work_id":"4de4747c-8b11-4ab9-9859-5686cedf4ac3","year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":23,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.681240Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f60af54ad0979cfbd61aed394a9e30623efd7f57ba8572d6cce0c6345ac5a669","observation_id":"feb2f3e1-1c27-4162-a827-1ee8609d9404","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.092258Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.685874Z","title":"2025 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":24,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.685874Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7735aae6c45c722b8885f0e0d84f9e86de5bc1d2ce5c72d1dedf749b2d8a3977","observation_id":"0b09bf2c-72ed-454e-a1bb-c03c9ee70818","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.685874Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.690967Z","title":"2026 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":25,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.690967Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:dff7da1911814f7e911c1bdbb8f02564900741295ac75beeb18ba00656749605","observation_id":"d8a486c8-91e8-4a9e-bb07-780084ebd65c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.690967Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.695792Z","title":"2023 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":26,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.695792Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:10061b5fbf41210d0f85bd5e1bd6a3bbb42444d7326785d77abe80ac72dafd7f","observation_id":"b04594d7-6735-4aa4-b20a-f9aedc97daca","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.695792Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.700709Z","title":"On the Relationship between Truth and Political Bias in Language Models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":27,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.700709Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:05a330a79b77651acefe152f45c6f5ea2eaf8994374a984878e734b09a3c2d4a","observation_id":"239f9fbd-2386-40d3-862f-520b60a4566d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.700709Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.039122Z","title":"2025 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"03385846-59ac-4370-a148-bcfae41fed21","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":28,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.705440Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:66cdda8b0ce3d8e4c594cf538e7231f4458e30fbb216043b12c0ce6d446cd10f","observation_id":"f81975e1-df52-4d0a-8c67-608067b9e78b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.043953Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.710097Z","title":"2026 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":29,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.710097Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:95c9a9e375a0a7e8440e7a0f4864bf19c289d06e3b59884bbe5d8bc130164e17","observation_id":"a5835ca2-9cab-4e5c-ac7b-98fc1494eb4f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.710097Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.00561","last_updated":"2025-06-06T22:15:14Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T22:52:59.112058Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-01T21:09:51Z","title":"Position: Evaluating Generative AI Systems Is a Social Science Measurement Challenge","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2502.00561","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.715300Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.00561 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":30,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.715300Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2502.00561","citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b2270d5fe7331dcbeefd3ef5ac016e04ae0ffa992e36f5a32ea3e1f25d3fc0c0","observation_id":"5b18ed79-9a45-4921-9b95-d578a6f61c52","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.715300Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.010059Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"751da65b-4344-47e6-9a0e-f7c853029347","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":31,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.720914Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:23079e4d6ef19a70350a27c8c26ea81d93b3005bbcfd30892b0cb38b7bf404d3","observation_id":"1e26a24c-31a6-42d7-85d2-92bd6f29e6ac","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:59.015518Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.992663Z","title":"2025 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"595a78b9-8521-4e92-8ceb-32e66ede4570","year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":32,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.725747Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ac0fc456548be24cc8222ba603ac83d83d6cd6207fddb685fa8e3a1f6ce99ce6","observation_id":"96eb1d09-5a08-45f9-a713-40c0e67536b2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.997956Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.973391Z","title":"2026 , eprint=","venue":null,"work_id":"a83d0845-ff51-4d49-b99d-408c297679f5","year":2026},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":33,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.730351Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e107c817c482e53cb7b0f532c3f86585b005406131efcfb95ea4e45d5f6df201","observation_id":"92905534-4f02-4ce5-bf05-ddfef102297f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.981011Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.735155Z","title":"Language Models as Agent Models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":34,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.735155Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c95e33a7a32c802946e315d42101c54086059586785b91f922bd9c8e1ab7073b","observation_id":"6d7be350-387e-4113-91b5-7e4693efc9e1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.735155Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.740231Z","title":"Nature , author =","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation","version":1},"reference_index":35,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.740231Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2608.03044"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ce4d4939f0f14fea5c80a00787778addff0384bfe48236d9d49ab9ccee469734","observation_id":"e915351c-3990-4c6e-97d9-0f27344d88f7","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T01:01:58.740231Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.03044","last_updated":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","latest_version":1,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T20:45:30.173543Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T02:51:38Z","title":"Emulate or Estimate? The Divergent Strengths of Base and Post-Trained Language Models for Opinion Simulation"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":35,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":21,"verified_exact":1,"verified_fuzzy":13},"total_outbound_references":35},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-21T06:32:16.066871+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 35 of 35 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2608.03044."}