Exotic smoothings via large R⁴'s in Stein surfaces

We study the relationship between exotic R^4's and Stein surfaces as it applies to smoothing theory on more general open 4-manifolds. In particular, we construct the first known examples of large exotic R^4's that embed in Stein surfaces. This relies on an extension of Casson's Embedding Theorem for locating Casson handles in closed 4-manifolds. Under sufficiently nice conditions, we show that using these R^4's as end-summands produces uncountably many diffeomorphism types while maintaining independent control over the genus-rank function and the Taylor invariant.