Measurements of the UV Upturn in Local and Intermediate-Redshift Ellipticals

The rest-frame UV contains the most sensitive indicators of age for elliptical galaxies. While the near-UV flux from young ellipticals isolates the main sequence turnoff, the far-UV flux in old ellipticals is dominated by hot horizontal branch (HB) stars. This evolved population was first revealed by early UV observations showing a sharp flux increase shortward of rest-frame 2500 A, subsequently dubbed the "UV upturn." The phenomenon has since been characterized in many local ellipticals, and measurements at intermediate redshifts are now underway. Once ellipticals reach ages of 5-10 Gyr, stellar and galactic evolution theories predict that the UV-to-optical flux ratio can increase by orders of magnitude over timescales of a few Gyr, making the UV upturn the most rapidly evolving feature of these galaxies. It is thus expected to fade dramatically with increasing redshift. I review the imaging and spectroscopic evidence for the nature of the UV upturn in nearby ellipticals, and then present observations that measure the UV upturn at an epoch significantly earlier than our own. Far-UV data from the HUT demonstrate that the spectra of nearby ellipticals are dominated by hot HB stars. FOC UV imaging of M32 and the M31 bulge detected the UV-bright phases of post-HB stars, but did not reach the HB itself. Recent STIS observations were the first to image the hot HB and post-HB stars in the center of the nearest elliptical galaxy, M32; these observations also show a striking lack of UV-bright post-AGB stars. FOC observations of Abell 370, a rich galaxy cluster at z=0.375, show that giant ellipticals at a lookback time of 4 Gyr can exhibit strong UV luminosity, with no evidence of evolution in the UV upturn between this epoch and our own, thus implying a high redshift of formation (z_f > 4).