{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY","short_pith_number":"pith:254QWWW4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.08349","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-28T14:43:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bd4b5e815021452e4ae9f031c220d26f55cea0196134f072f1c20da0f0f6f7f1","abstract_canon_sha256":"282c1244579ef6ab686e3fc129dab4dfba525176fd9bd9f67937e36bf162f7e9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d7790b5adc4e2c31865dc1fd61a973061562e012425cea931504548bb18f89d1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1708.08349","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.08349","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.08349v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.08349","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"254QWWW4JYWD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"254QWWW4JYWDDBS5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"254QWWW4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.08349","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-28T14:43:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bd4b5e815021452e4ae9f031c220d26f55cea0196134f072f1c20da0f0f6f7f1","abstract_canon_sha256":"282c1244579ef6ab686e3fc129dab4dfba525176fd9bd9f67937e36bf162f7e9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d7790b5adc4e2c31865dc1fd61a973061562e012425cea931504548bb18f89d1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36.323644Z","signature_b64":"DLFl70cPtv7aUy7cgI8+ksRS2Encm4fPIcw5maMuNBumuUBeHFQ6XGO1BqFB/Y74g7x5djoJl57HALOIeVxFDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d7790b5adc4e2c31865dc1fd61a973061562e012425cea931504548bb18f89d1","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36.323192Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36.323192Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1708.08349","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LST0yncvPnoqDjD02Rbp51G1JrqMSlYHcy70ilpu5rcBnZ09nFJxBX1rg99n6fZDWMkRxySNiVUOuc8RCfBHDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:51:56.105255Z"},"content_sha256":"261479b77c2c13a8345a102ca8329d104916200c9a299b256981c41535d515cc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:261479b77c2c13a8345a102ca8329d104916200c9a299b256981c41535d515cc"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Cyber Risk Analysis of Combined Data Attacks Against Power System State Estimation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Andr\\'e Teixeira, Kaikai Pan, Milos Cvetkovic, Peter Palensky","submitted_at":"2017-08-28T14:43:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"Understanding smart grid cyber attacks is key for developing appropriate protection and recovery measures. Advanced attacks pursue maximized impact at minimized costs and detectability. This paper conducts risk analysis of combined data integrity and availability attacks against the power system state estimation. We compare the combined attacks with pure integrity attacks - false data injection (FDI) attacks. A security index for vulnerability assessment to these two kinds of attacks is proposed and formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem. We show that such combined attacks ca"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.08349","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eaHnEJoI+tUhXwyLkdCHFwgOtPJZDRWdG7TbrCwCfs26vXorqVE944rdhEASRMpJ27nN6jPXnNS9f2UvhqVvAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:51:56.105957Z"},"content_sha256":"3ad661c71e24549efce249978e410f1e630924fda798914e90bbd399bd629d0b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3ad661c71e24549efce249978e410f1e630924fda798914e90bbd399bd629d0b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T21:51:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:254QWWW4JYWDDBS5YH6WDKLTAY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"282c1244579ef6ab686e3fc129dab4dfba525176fd9bd9f67937e36bf162f7e9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-28T14:43:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"bd4b5e815021452e4ae9f031c220d26f55cea0196134f072f1c20da0f0f6f7f1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.08349","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.08349","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.08349v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.08349","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"254QWWW4JYWD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"254QWWW4JYWDDBS5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"254QWWW4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3ad661c71e24549efce249978e410f1e630924fda798914e90bbd399bd629d0b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Understanding smart grid cyber attacks is key for developing appropriate protection and recovery measures. Advanced attacks pursue maximized impact at minimized costs and detectability. This paper conducts risk analysis of combined data integrity and availability attacks against the power system state estimation. We compare the combined attacks with pure integrity attacks - false data injection (FDI) attacks. A security index for vulnerability assessment to these two kinds of attacks is proposed and formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem. We show that such combined attacks ca","authors_text":"Andr\\'e Teixeira, Kaikai Pan, Milos Cvetkovic, Peter Palensky","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-28T14:43:14Z","title":"Cyber Risk Analysis of Combined Data Attacks Against Power System State Estimation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.08349","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:261479b77c2c13a8345a102ca8329d104916200c9a299b256981c41535d515cc","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"282c1244579ef6ab686e3fc129dab4dfba525176fd9bd9f67937e36bf162f7e9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-28T14:43:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"bd4b5e815021452e4ae9f031c220d26f55cea0196134f072f1c20da0f0f6f7f1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.08349","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d7790b5adc4e2c31865dc1fd61a973061562e012425cea931504548bb18f89d1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d7790b5adc4e2c31865dc1fd61a973061562e012425cea931504548bb18f89d1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36.323192Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36.323192Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"DLFl70cPtv7aUy7cgI8+ksRS2Encm4fPIcw5maMuNBumuUBeHFQ6XGO1BqFB/Y74g7x5djoJl57HALOIeVxFDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:36.323644Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1708.08349","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:261479b77c2c13a8345a102ca8329d104916200c9a299b256981c41535d515cc","sha256:3ad661c71e24549efce249978e410f1e630924fda798914e90bbd399bd629d0b"],"state_sha256":"1ff7f445a8a9d68f5deb1cb87d943d6ed65e5cf92a2a937efbe2035b766755e4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"d6amLSeSjAAGePHtTWgfGCs8PkwAUo5AHtMK/Uscyl+0XutxYwliYGtea4sWIA4Z2l7Y1FzoM+GU7SZmg1z7BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T21:51:56.109262Z","bundle_sha256":"3a5e6b95f37324108deeb3465a637427ff9010986a1c65d9e2d2ea860d8fce98"}}