{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U","short_pith_number":"pith:2AOQCL7E","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.12637","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-07-17T15:06:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"28c714e7463efa81ab5870785ad33ddb792476fcfc7b9aad9fc424e33fc8fffc","abstract_canon_sha256":"091d002a247e81b8aa3fd3664f0d598a9a029c538f063e972a3a406b9f82b652"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d01d012fe4be29c98b68666151bb90f5041ef865cab7bf37d3e62f75d6c62223","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2407.12637","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.12637","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.12637v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.12637","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2AOQCL7EXYU4","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3I","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2AOQCL7E","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.12637","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-07-17T15:06:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"28c714e7463efa81ab5870785ad33ddb792476fcfc7b9aad9fc424e33fc8fffc","abstract_canon_sha256":"091d002a247e81b8aa3fd3664f0d598a9a029c538f063e972a3a406b9f82b652"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d01d012fe4be29c98b68666151bb90f5041ef865cab7bf37d3e62f75d6c62223","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07.465515Z","signature_b64":"QXO3P9tucERhiVoA3NTYagQkDRRCg4zTxiftdDLpVL57k3sFgFnTe4JImSz+7u0TAdbcL1YjJRFiBiPWA4bpBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d01d012fe4be29c98b68666151bb90f5041ef865cab7bf37d3e62f75d6c62223","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07.465036Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07.465036Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2407.12637","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"m50JmN/w8dAEYlSXhAxUH1Gneq8BCteGk3hMTCvZkTi1dovCGlKlinkaeXKn1T3LEl3oiblN5MFOis3wt0YcDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T10:08:12.194618Z"},"content_sha256":"5dd6f307a7749cfd1a92f5e6be991e36e478703a2aa1c1b12cd56b79b29b0153","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5dd6f307a7749cfd1a92f5e6be991e36e478703a2aa1c1b12cd56b79b29b0153"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Toward INT4 Fixed-Point Training via Exploring Quantization Error for Gradients","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Bumsub Ham, Dohyung Kim, Jaehyeon Moon, Jeimin Jeon, Junghyup Lee","submitted_at":"2024-07-17T15:06:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Network quantization generally converts full-precision weights and/or activations into low-bit fixed-point values in order to accelerate an inference process. Recent approaches to network quantization further discretize the gradients into low-bit fixed-point values, enabling an efficient training. They typically set a quantization interval using a min-max range of the gradients or adjust the interval such that the quantization error for entire gradients is minimized. In this paper, we analyze the quantization error of gradients for the low-bit fixed-point training, and show that lowering the e"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.12637","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2407.12637/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NgotkLiE9gspQWllEGCqmK2IWsISfw2/5cZxOxBHHrXMrZz29d/zqAiYLWISUIwzJ6UvX8DGE/brbX0poEfVAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T10:08:12.195114Z"},"content_sha256":"d4f0fa54654384f43c6eecd10131647cc4b0b6a0b223d45388ad46e2561e5a69","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d4f0fa54654384f43c6eecd10131647cc4b0b6a0b223d45388ad46e2561e5a69"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-21T10:08:12Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3IMZQVDO4Q6U","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"091d002a247e81b8aa3fd3664f0d598a9a029c538f063e972a3a406b9f82b652","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-07-17T15:06:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"28c714e7463efa81ab5870785ad33ddb792476fcfc7b9aad9fc424e33fc8fffc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.12637","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.12637","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.12637v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.12637","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2AOQCL7EXYU4","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2AOQCL7EXYU4TC3I","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2AOQCL7E","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d4f0fa54654384f43c6eecd10131647cc4b0b6a0b223d45388ad46e2561e5a69","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2407.12637/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Network quantization generally converts full-precision weights and/or activations into low-bit fixed-point values in order to accelerate an inference process. Recent approaches to network quantization further discretize the gradients into low-bit fixed-point values, enabling an efficient training. They typically set a quantization interval using a min-max range of the gradients or adjust the interval such that the quantization error for entire gradients is minimized. In this paper, we analyze the quantization error of gradients for the low-bit fixed-point training, and show that lowering the e","authors_text":"Bumsub Ham, Dohyung Kim, Jaehyeon Moon, Jeimin Jeon, Junghyup Lee","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-07-17T15:06:12Z","title":"Toward INT4 Fixed-Point Training via Exploring Quantization Error for Gradients"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.12637","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5dd6f307a7749cfd1a92f5e6be991e36e478703a2aa1c1b12cd56b79b29b0153","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"091d002a247e81b8aa3fd3664f0d598a9a029c538f063e972a3a406b9f82b652","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-07-17T15:06:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"28c714e7463efa81ab5870785ad33ddb792476fcfc7b9aad9fc424e33fc8fffc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.12637","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d01d012fe4be29c98b68666151bb90f5041ef865cab7bf37d3e62f75d6c62223","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d01d012fe4be29c98b68666151bb90f5041ef865cab7bf37d3e62f75d6c62223","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07.465036Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07.465036Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QXO3P9tucERhiVoA3NTYagQkDRRCg4zTxiftdDLpVL57k3sFgFnTe4JImSz+7u0TAdbcL1YjJRFiBiPWA4bpBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:07.465515Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2407.12637","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5dd6f307a7749cfd1a92f5e6be991e36e478703a2aa1c1b12cd56b79b29b0153","sha256:d4f0fa54654384f43c6eecd10131647cc4b0b6a0b223d45388ad46e2561e5a69"],"state_sha256":"c7fac41482753b4fedb2635963a80b54376e478eb48707e0fe5dd1c3726173e1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"00P84PvCN+FHZCgDsvJfl7OQhfD20KFanJTUVlfyH6CmZon8S7/ygOEs0GofWlR/y+jZJvrWrZQ/SL+B5WcYAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T10:08:12.199460Z","bundle_sha256":"20e4bb0abbe63d059d05547a38963fb9320652d611bb0f8ebbf1b2510ec4392a"}}