{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:2B7QWZ3JMNP7KIBEAFKQNFYWP7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5c6c04a6bf111d69a842b8a82c98c57db7ca2bacfa6a78034fd9b5e8d157582b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY","eess.SY"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T12:22:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"b49e9f353ce9047675c25fc06bbf4edbb900c543bf8e1bf8ad490b44d8422e76"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.02053","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2601.02053","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2601.02053v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.02053","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2B7QWZ3JMNP7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2B7QWZ3JMNP7KIBE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2B7QWZ3J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2df03428a45bee22ca25bfb8c418d2b981edbddfaccff77a53edc3bb1af3e423","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"We empirically validate the method on real hardware and find that it consistently detects temperature-induced degradations in maximum operating frequency of up to 13.79 % across devices for 60 °C temperature increase."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"That changes in maximum operating frequency measured via timing windows are caused by hardware ageing rather than transient temperature effects or other unmodeled factors, and that the observed temperature-induced shifts are representative of long-term time-based degradation."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"A timing-window software test on real microcontrollers detects up to 13.79 % drop in maximum frequency for a 60 °C temperature rise, providing a field-deployable ageing monitor."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"A software-based method using variable timing windows can monitor hardware ageing in commercial microcontrollers by measuring shifts in maximum operating frequency."}],"snapshot_sha256":"25f3d724667acaaf7b93a802ac13959c242e9c67156111dd58891b6ad3d1d6ad"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Microcontrollers are increasingly present in embedded deployments and dependable systems, for which malfunctions due to hardware ageing can have severe impact. The lack of deployable techniques for ageing monitoring on these devices has spread the application of guard bands to prevent timing errors due to degradation. Applying this static technique can limit performance and lead to sudden failures as devices age. In this paper, we follow a software-based self-testing approach to design monitoring of hardware degradation for microcontrollers. Deployable in the field, our technique leverages tim","authors_text":"Goerschwin Fey, Holger Schlarb, Jiri Kral, Leandro Lanzieri, Thomas C. Schmidt","cross_cats":["cs.SY","eess.SY"],"headline":"A software-based method using variable timing windows can monitor hardware ageing in commercial microcontrollers by measuring shifts in maximum operating frequency.","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T12:22:27Z","title":"Ageing Monitoring for Commercial Microcontrollers Based on Timing Windows"},"references":{"count":29,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":29,"sample":[{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":1,"title":"Negative bias temperature instability: What do we understand?","work_id":"1b7dfe81-584e-40ab-a63c-0a063ce7f2e9","year":2007},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":2,"title":"A. W. Strong, E. Y . Wuet al.,Hot Carriers. IEEE, 2009, ch. 5","work_id":"cf0bac2b-4438-4b8b-ab9b-47dd358064a5","year":2009},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":3,"title":"Studying the Degradation of Propaga- tion Delay on FPGAs at the European XFEL,","work_id":"2ed7b74f-5903-4eea-8670-9808f4b90524","year":2024},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":4,"title":"Ageing Analysis of Embedded SRAM on a Large-Scale Testbed Using Machine Learning,","work_id":"164a24d4-8a92-4501-acc4-dcd40032bf95","year":2023},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":5,"title":"Evaluation of Dynamic Frequency Control on an Automotive Microcontroller,","work_id":"e1ea6962-2cfa-4fac-8d00-f6fe96422efe","year":2022}],"snapshot_sha256":"3d885288b97d42f37e114b2ea6fd1bbf524528c5992b20d2e3066a9949d6c0f9"},"source":{"id":"2601.02053","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-16T18:13:17.921695Z","id":"f975c5cc-b0cd-4875-97d2-804ae68bfbda","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"A timing-window software test on real microcontrollers detects up to 13.79 % drop in maximum frequency for a 60 °C temperature rise, providing a field-deployable ageing monitor.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"A software-based method using variable timing windows can monitor hardware ageing in commercial microcontrollers by measuring shifts in maximum operating frequency.","strongest_claim":"We empirically validate the method on real hardware and find that it consistently detects temperature-induced degradations in maximum operating frequency of up to 13.79 % across devices for 60 °C temperature increase.","weakest_assumption":"That changes in maximum operating frequency measured via timing windows are caused by hardware ageing rather than transient temperature effects or other unmodeled factors, and that the observed temperature-induced shifts are representative of long-term time-based degradation."}},"verdict_id":"f975c5cc-b0cd-4875-97d2-804ae68bfbda"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9e6c54d7fc2bf210ed7f0997168685829aeb17ecc0749dc4aaf6a80a9166b4d6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5c6c04a6bf111d69a842b8a82c98c57db7ca2bacfa6a78034fd9b5e8d157582b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY","eess.SY"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T12:22:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"b49e9f353ce9047675c25fc06bbf4edbb900c543bf8e1bf8ad490b44d8422e76"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.02053","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"d07f0b6769635ff5202401550697167fc23e0db49f9fd36ac9257896d97ef11f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d07f0b6769635ff5202401550697167fc23e0db49f9fd36ac9257896d97ef11f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32.316582Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32.316582Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"jxuV9qLQ3J3TtICMD8j2HaEMSSngQ6chzR02d0LL0RbfeZhKJSutzwb9c+xcdFWJo40Knr3N23i/WQZ23d5ECg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:32.317140Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2601.02053","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9e6c54d7fc2bf210ed7f0997168685829aeb17ecc0749dc4aaf6a80a9166b4d6","sha256:2df03428a45bee22ca25bfb8c418d2b981edbddfaccff77a53edc3bb1af3e423"],"state_sha256":"65e4c12420f2062d60cfd18dfa5614ae85e5bcc7e11c6a54275c0947543d49b7"}