{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS","short_pith_number":"pith:2CM7Y7QZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.02973","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-04-03T18:00:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"title_canon_sha256":"9ec4c7a8553991a41715d32dba7838930f6eb22b170df3b966dd35c614910bf8","abstract_canon_sha256":"2fcab6b1208afa25e761293b9e85d536434472ca2646ae427d310b1518972a25"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d099fc7e193cd1abc737ad5321e13a048e8dcb13713d358c3cbb4915d7f50b98","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2404.02973","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.02973","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.02973v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.02973","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2CM7Y7QZHTI2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZX","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2CM7Y7QZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.02973","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-04-03T18:00:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"title_canon_sha256":"9ec4c7a8553991a41715d32dba7838930f6eb22b170df3b966dd35c614910bf8","abstract_canon_sha256":"2fcab6b1208afa25e761293b9e85d536434472ca2646ae427d310b1518972a25"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d099fc7e193cd1abc737ad5321e13a048e8dcb13713d358c3cbb4915d7f50b98","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04.532886Z","signature_b64":"JfMMFaTZbj3XranE/Lnkt38b9zabe68QKFj4yKUWv8PcBAoFxo2EKScvR+uvVTZlrVY+umQ3NUoMt/K8fJD5DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d099fc7e193cd1abc737ad5321e13a048e8dcb13713d358c3cbb4915d7f50b98","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04.532421Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04.532421Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2404.02973","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BVcwaEvC5B+SpQ0Rw0PnoCojgZ8w2Xr6cWs5A0GYlquF9rDx3OD08BDO3pdxeNTzxO8Z6hMFVsDxV9fO17TsBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-13T07:32:26.524643Z"},"content_sha256":"7b077ce4bcbb6a36c9dc76ac3fc46260b5e8594d6e1efd1ae71a6eea0f594839","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7b077ce4bcbb6a36c9dc76ac3fc46260b5e8594d6e1efd1ae71a6eea0f594839"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Scaling Laws for Galaxy Images","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Alexander J. Gordon, Anna M.M. Scaife, Annette M.N. Ferguson, Chris J. Lintott, David O'Ryan, Devina Mohan, Hugh Dickinson, Inigo V. Slijepevic, James Pearson, Jason Shingirai Makechemu, Jo Bovy, Josh Speagle, J\\\"urgen J. Popp, Kameswara Mantha, Lucy Fortson, Micah Bowles, Mike Walmsley, Robert G. Mann, Sandor Kruk, Tobias G\\'eron","submitted_at":"2024-04-03T18:00:36Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present the first systematic investigation of supervised scaling laws outside of an ImageNet-like context - on images of galaxies. We use 840k galaxy images and over 100M annotations by Galaxy Zoo volunteers, comparable in scale to Imagenet-1K. We find that adding annotated galaxy images provides a power law improvement in performance across all architectures and all tasks, while adding trainable parameters is effective only for some (typically more subjectively challenging) tasks. We then compare the downstream performance of finetuned models pretrained on either ImageNet-12k alone vs. add"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.02973","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2404.02973/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sfYGcVQFTLQTXrUCMnF6DGJmRm9RUl3cZB6h/sm0zCQECZOJkVoQy9HvaF/zpHPsJGlKEdcNiOc/iLxAbr+JBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-13T07:32:26.525019Z"},"content_sha256":"676c1841ad0c959ebf4e3e3d4ad41db6c635b82f71f4674623e64aeea18d43a7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:676c1841ad0c959ebf4e3e3d4ad41db6c635b82f71f4674623e64aeea18d43a7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-13T07:32:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZXVVJSDYJ2AS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2fcab6b1208afa25e761293b9e85d536434472ca2646ae427d310b1518972a25","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-04-03T18:00:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"9ec4c7a8553991a41715d32dba7838930f6eb22b170df3b966dd35c614910bf8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.02973","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.02973","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.02973v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.02973","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2CM7Y7QZHTI2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2CM7Y7QZHTI2XRZX","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2CM7Y7QZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:676c1841ad0c959ebf4e3e3d4ad41db6c635b82f71f4674623e64aeea18d43a7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2404.02973/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present the first systematic investigation of supervised scaling laws outside of an ImageNet-like context - on images of galaxies. We use 840k galaxy images and over 100M annotations by Galaxy Zoo volunteers, comparable in scale to Imagenet-1K. We find that adding annotated galaxy images provides a power law improvement in performance across all architectures and all tasks, while adding trainable parameters is effective only for some (typically more subjectively challenging) tasks. We then compare the downstream performance of finetuned models pretrained on either ImageNet-12k alone vs. add","authors_text":"Alexander J. Gordon, Anna M.M. Scaife, Annette M.N. Ferguson, Chris J. Lintott, David O'Ryan, Devina Mohan, Hugh Dickinson, Inigo V. Slijepevic, James Pearson, Jason Shingirai Makechemu, Jo Bovy, Josh Speagle, J\\\"urgen J. Popp, Kameswara Mantha, Lucy Fortson, Micah Bowles, Mike Walmsley, Robert G. Mann, Sandor Kruk, Tobias G\\'eron","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-04-03T18:00:36Z","title":"Scaling Laws for Galaxy Images"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.02973","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7b077ce4bcbb6a36c9dc76ac3fc46260b5e8594d6e1efd1ae71a6eea0f594839","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2fcab6b1208afa25e761293b9e85d536434472ca2646ae427d310b1518972a25","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2024-04-03T18:00:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"9ec4c7a8553991a41715d32dba7838930f6eb22b170df3b966dd35c614910bf8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.02973","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d099fc7e193cd1abc737ad5321e13a048e8dcb13713d358c3cbb4915d7f50b98","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d099fc7e193cd1abc737ad5321e13a048e8dcb13713d358c3cbb4915d7f50b98","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04.532421Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04.532421Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JfMMFaTZbj3XranE/Lnkt38b9zabe68QKFj4yKUWv8PcBAoFxo2EKScvR+uvVTZlrVY+umQ3NUoMt/K8fJD5DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:04:04.532886Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2404.02973","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7b077ce4bcbb6a36c9dc76ac3fc46260b5e8594d6e1efd1ae71a6eea0f594839","sha256:676c1841ad0c959ebf4e3e3d4ad41db6c635b82f71f4674623e64aeea18d43a7"],"state_sha256":"e97d44ad3e2d6de449bfe98b9a8e84bcf56188fca8109c69614376900469581e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Np1sp7hvT1mZsolgFMjlQqH1U6ZPjo0o51fwcqLN2sllXU+K07TezOG4nfk8stfpkxy1GXTbEUanF+byFjHuCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-13T07:32:26.527209Z","bundle_sha256":"45f8eacac12f6fbaea5a6ca75f364dce937a14d8b1b908a8ef8b94070780880f"}}