{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E","short_pith_number":"pith:2CPXAITI","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2607.01840","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2026-07-02T08:04:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b0f0437befe3ca5f3098984cf72463f7be5e4a459ad63bc8c28b95572e25ad06","abstract_canon_sha256":"bc372677372b298557e2b48236bad60c7ef0f938b1e53ef38941d595bf35df23"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d09f702268f87d49755228fe77abc3f908526eab2ba396d6312ee031cd8f1bc2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2607.01840","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2607.01840","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2607.01840v1","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.01840","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2CPXAITI7B6U","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2CPXAITI7B6US5KS","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2CPXAITI","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2607.01840","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2026-07-02T08:04:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b0f0437befe3ca5f3098984cf72463f7be5e4a459ad63bc8c28b95572e25ad06","abstract_canon_sha256":"bc372677372b298557e2b48236bad60c7ef0f938b1e53ef38941d595bf35df23"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d09f702268f87d49755228fe77abc3f908526eab2ba396d6312ee031cd8f1bc2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31.313887Z","signature_b64":"R0cragKkHOOOzebR/FFH3byee8ftTCTPNfFIFihBLXxMN8zkCS5WI6Q/iex1e4IQ4K+WIKSJoFjLii1ZmbEtAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d09f702268f87d49755228fe77abc3f908526eab2ba396d6312ee031cd8f1bc2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31.313556Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31.313556Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2607.01840","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9ICOnOD88rIGWqMhA6Klh7OyzxvWZWDumZVvANBxvEzqojDjkZHxc8ls8SeGogQrumtpQAvl2/7c3yY8N+KyCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:02:42.895968Z"},"content_sha256":"3b4b79b61d7c2ed2b4e0a4a88da79825fb9f3ae3209e23e388f1026d79af5a57","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3b4b79b61d7c2ed2b4e0a4a88da79825fb9f3ae3209e23e388f1026d79af5a57"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Actual causality in fault trees","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Georgiana Caltais, Mari\\\"elle Stoelinga, Milan Lopuha\\\"a-Zwakenberg","submitted_at":"2026-07-02T08:04:19Z","abstract_excerpt":"Fault trees are a widely used as effective risk models for complex systems, answering the question \"what can go wrong?\", especially through minimal cut set analysis. We study fault trees from the perspective of Halpern & Pearl's theory of actual causality. This allows us to use fault trees to answer the question \"why has it gone wrong?\", which is fundamental to failure diagnostics. We give a complete classification of each of the different notions of actual causality in terms of the fault tree's graph structure and logical structure, and show how minimal cut sets give rise to actual causes."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.01840","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2607.01840/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IVchjQtqu1m+SGVPEVe0teZnJiTiUXgwT3nETAdbc21D8ALj3ow6sJP3VtfK2LhPJAwhewAgc9B6SFnaja9KBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:02:42.896342Z"},"content_sha256":"25fca6db5f3dbc371efdc6939c7665c84affb8f8fd731bd1e599cd73183db468","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:25fca6db5f3dbc371efdc6939c7665c84affb8f8fd731bd1e599cd73183db468"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-05T07:02:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:2CPXAITI7B6US5KSFD7HPK6D7E","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"bc372677372b298557e2b48236bad60c7ef0f938b1e53ef38941d595bf35df23","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2026-07-02T08:04:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"b0f0437befe3ca5f3098984cf72463f7be5e4a459ad63bc8c28b95572e25ad06"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2607.01840","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2607.01840","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2607.01840v1","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.01840","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2CPXAITI7B6U","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2CPXAITI7B6US5KS","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2CPXAITI","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:25fca6db5f3dbc371efdc6939c7665c84affb8f8fd731bd1e599cd73183db468","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2607.01840/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Fault trees are a widely used as effective risk models for complex systems, answering the question \"what can go wrong?\", especially through minimal cut set analysis. We study fault trees from the perspective of Halpern & Pearl's theory of actual causality. This allows us to use fault trees to answer the question \"why has it gone wrong?\", which is fundamental to failure diagnostics. We give a complete classification of each of the different notions of actual causality in terms of the fault tree's graph structure and logical structure, and show how minimal cut sets give rise to actual causes.","authors_text":"Georgiana Caltais, Mari\\\"elle Stoelinga, Milan Lopuha\\\"a-Zwakenberg","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2026-07-02T08:04:19Z","title":"Actual causality in fault trees"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.01840","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3b4b79b61d7c2ed2b4e0a4a88da79825fb9f3ae3209e23e388f1026d79af5a57","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"bc372677372b298557e2b48236bad60c7ef0f938b1e53ef38941d595bf35df23","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2026-07-02T08:04:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"b0f0437befe3ca5f3098984cf72463f7be5e4a459ad63bc8c28b95572e25ad06"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2607.01840","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d09f702268f87d49755228fe77abc3f908526eab2ba396d6312ee031cd8f1bc2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d09f702268f87d49755228fe77abc3f908526eab2ba396d6312ee031cd8f1bc2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31.313556Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31.313556Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"R0cragKkHOOOzebR/FFH3byee8ftTCTPNfFIFihBLXxMN8zkCS5WI6Q/iex1e4IQ4K+WIKSJoFjLii1ZmbEtAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-03T01:17:31.313887Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2607.01840","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3b4b79b61d7c2ed2b4e0a4a88da79825fb9f3ae3209e23e388f1026d79af5a57","sha256:25fca6db5f3dbc371efdc6939c7665c84affb8f8fd731bd1e599cd73183db468"],"state_sha256":"66ef5284008861aa1de4773ae2cb016d2120b5bd66ae44e3000854e54b27356b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Rpt0yCThiaFiU8yc33AkbqzFe7p/Jl1ME0T8gY9sO6YIkZZc1NerwNlTYEmVv7om9AGuBzNZqgOwOYejIHd0AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:02:42.898433Z","bundle_sha256":"4e4e10316b1730aa4b22a2c1f9685989715d79eee16e7d2938a35bbe95489a64"}}