{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V","short_pith_number":"pith:2CYS3T7Q","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.00843","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2021-04-02T01:29:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c69b669ddf91d05a857b174752a5a2940ba2463b083c07003635cab0482ce579","abstract_canon_sha256":"cace6e52fc5830cae5bb8b9cfa6df269f02b61254fc0dfec876f62bdd3fa380b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d0b12dcff000671c314898fd7e3241d5662d07393bd5cee4dccf5bbc234f9d7c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2104.00843","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.00843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.00843v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.00843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2CYS3T7QABTR","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2CYS3T7QABTRYMKI","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2CYS3T7Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.00843","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2021-04-02T01:29:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c69b669ddf91d05a857b174752a5a2940ba2463b083c07003635cab0482ce579","abstract_canon_sha256":"cace6e52fc5830cae5bb8b9cfa6df269f02b61254fc0dfec876f62bdd3fa380b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d0b12dcff000671c314898fd7e3241d5662d07393bd5cee4dccf5bbc234f9d7c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36.586384Z","signature_b64":"xaKhL8p0U8xwbImaWXdrNl29Cm8jIAKAKtJ4dIXabAIAzFrjbp+pa4eGkgugFp4wRbIbKyCmbFwKS5I/ASgbAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d0b12dcff000671c314898fd7e3241d5662d07393bd5cee4dccf5bbc234f9d7c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36.586024Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36.586024Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2104.00843","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"73Y5zXiQhw62ZmNmVZ/T6XIsqw/WN85dI74qZSakRo4JnohyDkaJRqyMhdu4dmT1bZWGpOUf28ADP0Nk/bmNDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-16T15:16:50.552838Z"},"content_sha256":"31cb69004b5ddad5705e46cb7908ca08a6ecaa970d5716043837fd19abf57523","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:31cb69004b5ddad5705e46cb7908ca08a6ecaa970d5716043837fd19abf57523"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Managing Requirements Change the Informal Way: When Saying 'No' is Not an Option","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Didar Zowghi, Kelly Blincoe, Stephen MacDonell, Tony Clear, Waqar Hussain","submitted_at":"2021-04-02T01:29:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"Software has always been considered as malleable. Changes to software requirements are inevitable during the development process. Despite many software engineering advances over several decades, requirements changes are a source of project risk, particularly when businesses and technologies are evolving rapidly. Although effectively managing requirements changes is a critical aspect of software engineering, conceptions of requirements change in the literature and approaches to their management in practice still seem rudimentary. The overall goal of this study is to better understand the proces"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.00843","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2104.00843/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Mq9zV10iWg7iuW05ewZR7Zhv8ZjUCDiF4X2QB4DIvuN8/DyFVzY2JomOID4RZrudUE56crbXNy2RT6MSJO4mDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-16T15:16:50.553220Z"},"content_sha256":"8d5d4dda92f0b2fc3cfe18166aed452fca2d5371d1bf6ff3f59880bfbcfc7e7b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8d5d4dda92f0b2fc3cfe18166aed452fca2d5371d1bf6ff3f59880bfbcfc7e7b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-16T15:16:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:2CYS3T7QABTRYMKITD6X4MSB2V","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cace6e52fc5830cae5bb8b9cfa6df269f02b61254fc0dfec876f62bdd3fa380b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2021-04-02T01:29:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"c69b669ddf91d05a857b174752a5a2940ba2463b083c07003635cab0482ce579"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.00843","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.00843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.00843v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.00843","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2CYS3T7QABTR","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2CYS3T7QABTRYMKI","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2CYS3T7Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8d5d4dda92f0b2fc3cfe18166aed452fca2d5371d1bf6ff3f59880bfbcfc7e7b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2104.00843/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Software has always been considered as malleable. Changes to software requirements are inevitable during the development process. Despite many software engineering advances over several decades, requirements changes are a source of project risk, particularly when businesses and technologies are evolving rapidly. Although effectively managing requirements changes is a critical aspect of software engineering, conceptions of requirements change in the literature and approaches to their management in practice still seem rudimentary. The overall goal of this study is to better understand the proces","authors_text":"Didar Zowghi, Kelly Blincoe, Stephen MacDonell, Tony Clear, Waqar Hussain","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2021-04-02T01:29:50Z","title":"Managing Requirements Change the Informal Way: When Saying 'No' is Not an Option"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.00843","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:31cb69004b5ddad5705e46cb7908ca08a6ecaa970d5716043837fd19abf57523","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cace6e52fc5830cae5bb8b9cfa6df269f02b61254fc0dfec876f62bdd3fa380b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2021-04-02T01:29:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"c69b669ddf91d05a857b174752a5a2940ba2463b083c07003635cab0482ce579"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.00843","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d0b12dcff000671c314898fd7e3241d5662d07393bd5cee4dccf5bbc234f9d7c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d0b12dcff000671c314898fd7e3241d5662d07393bd5cee4dccf5bbc234f9d7c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36.586024Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36.586024Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"xaKhL8p0U8xwbImaWXdrNl29Cm8jIAKAKtJ4dIXabAIAzFrjbp+pa4eGkgugFp4wRbIbKyCmbFwKS5I/ASgbAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:28:36.586384Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2104.00843","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:31cb69004b5ddad5705e46cb7908ca08a6ecaa970d5716043837fd19abf57523","sha256:8d5d4dda92f0b2fc3cfe18166aed452fca2d5371d1bf6ff3f59880bfbcfc7e7b"],"state_sha256":"7b2cd258c0e3a93e8ca369c30d93ba2f8ac26832b37ae3f1ae393e460e114069"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gMP9jT6kA0ueTN+VzQ43JRWW8jjr6tJNjpR2j3vPp7LUlB+97LDbBUoqnsT+5K3ld71QvkvPwWcPQiDpk2vUAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-16T15:16:50.555530Z","bundle_sha256":"39802a42c18298dcebeb37c147f5ac6593e846adcc113a8f4ea3c9b830a580ab"}}