{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2024:2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB","short_pith_number":"pith:2JDO5NGC","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"d246eeb4c296445a798906b45f1d3210723b33f7c1d7caa5c7385b2ffc3e600b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2402.10543","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Strong hallucinations from negation and how to fix them","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Nicholas Asher, Swarnadeep Bhar","submitted_at":"2024-02-16T10:11:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"Despite great performance on many tasks, language models (LMs) still struggle with reasoning, sometimes providing responses that cannot possibly be true because they stem from logical incoherence. We call such responses \\textit{strong hallucinations} and prove that they follow from an LM's computation of its internal representations for logical operators and outputs from those representations. Focusing on negation, we provide a novel solution in which negation is treated not as another element of a latent representation, but as \\textit{an operation over an LM's latent representations that cons"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2402.10543","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-02-16T10:11:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"7b85574f948197d592f3074ac0f49ecdc12e9db093081dab25ff332b20f88a82","abstract_canon_sha256":"b84dd70e45bbeaaf13e0b1d8ead2df071550fc67cb003b38e81ff61e8de949b5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.521181Z","signature_b64":"CzX5Rc8fIxfW+UxjRhypmeMrgnpfTHs5h8Qe//31eo2ZpFmwR3+fxv32QVRXi63uDi9Ef/KksVufI/Q1kxWhCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d246eeb4c296445a798906b45f1d3210723b33f7c1d7caa5c7385b2ffc3e600b","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520701Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520701Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Strong hallucinations from negation and how to fix them","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Nicholas Asher, Swarnadeep Bhar","submitted_at":"2024-02-16T10:11:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"Despite great performance on many tasks, language models (LMs) still struggle with reasoning, sometimes providing responses that cannot possibly be true because they stem from logical incoherence. We call such responses \\textit{strong hallucinations} and prove that they follow from an LM's computation of its internal representations for logical operators and outputs from those representations. Focusing on negation, we provide a novel solution in which negation is treated not as another element of a latent representation, but as \\textit{an operation over an LM's latent representations that cons"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2402.10543","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2402.10543/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2402.10543","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2402.10543v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.10543","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2JDO5NGCSZCF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2JDO5NGC","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":1,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2509.09715","citing_title":"Investigating Symbolic Triggers of Hallucination in Gemma Models Across HaluEval and TruthfulQA","ref_index":20,"is_internal_anchor":true}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB","json":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/2JDO5NGC"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/2JDO5NGC","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2402.10543&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/2JDO5NGCSZCFU6MJA22F6HJSCB/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:00.520759+00:00"}