{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB","short_pith_number":"pith:2JSYTMS6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2310.17200","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-10-26T07:32:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"1622c40eb5adbb69b542210247a017015a3dd4dd4123518540dfc8b9707960a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"745c1088536ec87dbaa92024df9d7eea641c86cb0c870ad3fb34b2f66671cb34"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d26589b25e3d1a44024618a7df37ea487495cdf76f69ae2f8c4382dfe55b8acb","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2310.17200","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2310.17200","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2310.17200v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.17200","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2JSYTMS6HUNE","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2JSYTMS6HUNEIASG","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2JSYTMS6","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2310.17200","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-10-26T07:32:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"1622c40eb5adbb69b542210247a017015a3dd4dd4123518540dfc8b9707960a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"745c1088536ec87dbaa92024df9d7eea641c86cb0c870ad3fb34b2f66671cb34"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d26589b25e3d1a44024618a7df37ea487495cdf76f69ae2f8c4382dfe55b8acb","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21.265060Z","signature_b64":"nXs+B99qcdAg4LtyF+6LgpX95LMmfBkBnFjsaQU/iPSDwKZLf2ZjHf8RoTq1felLMBb8p1HQjcPgw4qnwqnIAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d26589b25e3d1a44024618a7df37ea487495cdf76f69ae2f8c4382dfe55b8acb","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21.264531Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21.264531Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2310.17200","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"r2UXRZWgWoEwtZ3sJwlm52lQTvhVYJDesBNKlrltZo+64QFn/WNyN2nX+EXtHarTNOJIbw+UpKGNRjY+cg5ACg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T11:57:55.461924Z"},"content_sha256":"370a242d40d0dc633ec203d687fdff45bd2dbeceddc0bfafcb087eb76f75f6c0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:370a242d40d0dc633ec203d687fdff45bd2dbeceddc0bfafcb087eb76f75f6c0"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Taming Gradient Variance in Federated Learning with Networked Control Variates","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Huaming Du, Mu Wang, Xingyan Chen, Yaling Liu, Yu Zhao","submitted_at":"2023-10-26T07:32:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning, a decentralized approach to machine learning, faces significant challenges such as extensive communication overheads, slow convergence, and unstable improvements. These challenges primarily stem from the gradient variance due to heterogeneous client data distributions. To address this, we introduce a novel Networked Control Variates (FedNCV) framework for Federated Learning. We adopt the REINFORCE Leave-One-Out (RLOO) as a fundamental control variate unit in the FedNCV framework, implemented at both client and server levels. At the client level, the RLOO control variate is "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2310.17200","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2310.17200/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4YWQfSxgLvtoMts2dJHXAP8mB1RZB4lX8gt4YHDBjV1UvZfQhmPP1Bv3y9PejcwHrNRDBiJEiXcKHIewOezvCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T11:57:55.462292Z"},"content_sha256":"a33d261d4ca7077771de74aa99cd6bf7960686d43a51cf2960836196d5e15543","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a33d261d4ca7077771de74aa99cd6bf7960686d43a51cf2960836196d5e15543"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-06T11:57:55Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:2JSYTMS6HUNEIASGDCT56N7KJB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"745c1088536ec87dbaa92024df9d7eea641c86cb0c870ad3fb34b2f66671cb34","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-10-26T07:32:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"1622c40eb5adbb69b542210247a017015a3dd4dd4123518540dfc8b9707960a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2310.17200","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2310.17200","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2310.17200v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.17200","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2JSYTMS6HUNE","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2JSYTMS6HUNEIASG","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2JSYTMS6","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a33d261d4ca7077771de74aa99cd6bf7960686d43a51cf2960836196d5e15543","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2310.17200/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning, a decentralized approach to machine learning, faces significant challenges such as extensive communication overheads, slow convergence, and unstable improvements. These challenges primarily stem from the gradient variance due to heterogeneous client data distributions. To address this, we introduce a novel Networked Control Variates (FedNCV) framework for Federated Learning. We adopt the REINFORCE Leave-One-Out (RLOO) as a fundamental control variate unit in the FedNCV framework, implemented at both client and server levels. At the client level, the RLOO control variate is ","authors_text":"Huaming Du, Mu Wang, Xingyan Chen, Yaling Liu, Yu Zhao","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-10-26T07:32:52Z","title":"Taming Gradient Variance in Federated Learning with Networked Control Variates"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2310.17200","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:370a242d40d0dc633ec203d687fdff45bd2dbeceddc0bfafcb087eb76f75f6c0","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"745c1088536ec87dbaa92024df9d7eea641c86cb0c870ad3fb34b2f66671cb34","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-10-26T07:32:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"1622c40eb5adbb69b542210247a017015a3dd4dd4123518540dfc8b9707960a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2310.17200","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d26589b25e3d1a44024618a7df37ea487495cdf76f69ae2f8c4382dfe55b8acb","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d26589b25e3d1a44024618a7df37ea487495cdf76f69ae2f8c4382dfe55b8acb","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21.264531Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21.264531Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"nXs+B99qcdAg4LtyF+6LgpX95LMmfBkBnFjsaQU/iPSDwKZLf2ZjHf8RoTq1felLMBb8p1HQjcPgw4qnwqnIAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:05:21.265060Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2310.17200","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:370a242d40d0dc633ec203d687fdff45bd2dbeceddc0bfafcb087eb76f75f6c0","sha256:a33d261d4ca7077771de74aa99cd6bf7960686d43a51cf2960836196d5e15543"],"state_sha256":"8f9ae11ad1c53ba66055f2c7a831009800fb73c8cb399048f51c6f310a2997a2"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"45XDR/eEI+WXlqN88mX+2jr0usQhcWT58dcBxLGZxsIhCW19z76QiVsh7kwl9f4sXu3EkisaLmnG6BE4l8IFDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T11:57:55.464213Z","bundle_sha256":"0e8de539b1e05b9956e21119df287bc7399131ce7c0616490db0518776a59f73"}}