{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2017:2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ","short_pith_number":"pith:2JTZ4SJ5","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"d2679e493dd533e4c7e51da1d2c8451c354a8f4f73f3a47d15ebfa4e9a3b5ed1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1707.05884","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Risk ratios for contagious outcomes","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Forrest W. Crawford, Olga Morozova, Ted Cohen","submitted_at":"2017-07-18T22:37:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"The risk ratio is a popular tool for summarizing the relationship between a binary covariate and outcome, even when outcomes may be dependent. Investigations of infectious disease outcomes in cohort studies of individuals embedded within clusters -- households, villages, or small groups -- often report risk ratios. Epidemiologists have warned that risk ratios may be misleading when outcomes are contagious, but the nature and severity of this error is not well understood. In this study, we assess the epidemiologic meaning of the risk ratio when outcomes are contagious. We first give a structura"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1707.05884","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2017-07-18T22:37:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"387bc7ffbfc7edd231a8441a9fe1a1b88974a367b4dda0b3601f27bf9a5419d8","abstract_canon_sha256":"ade83eec60afb43ca844c97afbbaefbb0b352e9b286a2c201c8d93f1761d04ff"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.041466Z","signature_b64":"uruFB2sa6EgbswuYMyD+NzkBOy4u9aAoNqP7CljcWujXEw0n5PfX8IGoHLgnHartPCjxW2zQE8b0pOa6I1JTBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d2679e493dd533e4c7e51da1d2c8451c354a8f4f73f3a47d15ebfa4e9a3b5ed1","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.040978Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.040978Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Risk ratios for contagious outcomes","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Forrest W. Crawford, Olga Morozova, Ted Cohen","submitted_at":"2017-07-18T22:37:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"The risk ratio is a popular tool for summarizing the relationship between a binary covariate and outcome, even when outcomes may be dependent. Investigations of infectious disease outcomes in cohort studies of individuals embedded within clusters -- households, villages, or small groups -- often report risk ratios. Epidemiologists have warned that risk ratios may be misleading when outcomes are contagious, but the nature and severity of this error is not well understood. In this study, we assess the epidemiologic meaning of the risk ratio when outcomes are contagious. We first give a structura"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1707.05884","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1707.05884","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.041051+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1707.05884v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.041051+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1707.05884","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.041051+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2JTZ4SJ52UZ6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55.937587+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7F","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55.937587+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2JTZ4SJ5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55.937587+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ","json":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/2JTZ4SJ5"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/2JTZ4SJ5","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1707.05884&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/2JTZ4SJ52UZ6JR7FDWQ5FSCFDQ/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.041051+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:39:59.041051+00:00"}