{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23","short_pith_number":"pith:2L7ZQ47I","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.04274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-05-09T13:43:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"title_canon_sha256":"a45e2ba333b7a9983ef3b7d6f2be51f7770ef1c4b73178ab7afef13b74e8e10d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f108dabc0f6d6eac9e5f1b77a14129064a217a4eb438c778bfb8a69812f9a186"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d2ff9873e82185c9515163110c42d2d6fcc64b957a2ef1b3c25ae2ba46e59779","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2205.04274","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.04274","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.04274v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.04274","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2L7ZQ47IEGC4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKR","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2L7ZQ47I","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.04274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-05-09T13:43:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"title_canon_sha256":"a45e2ba333b7a9983ef3b7d6f2be51f7770ef1c4b73178ab7afef13b74e8e10d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f108dabc0f6d6eac9e5f1b77a14129064a217a4eb438c778bfb8a69812f9a186"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d2ff9873e82185c9515163110c42d2d6fcc64b957a2ef1b3c25ae2ba46e59779","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13.530949Z","signature_b64":"caL1i4qIolXsd9I074ldmk2BYkxYuJI1VGBIf4HLLD14cCvK6KmH/BEAZghSgM6TfQYPi2OnZKuzgyt0yqRmCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d2ff9873e82185c9515163110c42d2d6fcc64b957a2ef1b3c25ae2ba46e59779","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13.530411Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13.530411Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2205.04274","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nkEJ0dWmm2MSl5czKt3/hp9mXYsBYIvVDFzfWxyeWQLi/zN2T73H7ihiF63+9wDKOaR+8h0s5v0NvkLME0P5Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:07:23.908206Z"},"content_sha256":"f2ece56dff18314730a718cca1cf712a13f051dc8828b95ec32e15c720879021","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f2ece56dff18314730a718cca1cf712a13f051dc8828b95ec32e15c720879021"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Survey","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Alon Halevy, Dimitar Dimitrov, Fabrizio Silvestri, Firoj Alam, Giovanni Da San Martino, Hamed Firooz, Md. Shad Akhtar, Preslav Nakov, Shivam Sharma, Tanmoy Chakraborty","submitted_at":"2022-05-09T13:43:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"The automatic identification of harmful content online is of major concern for social media platforms, policymakers, and society. Researchers have studied textual, visual, and audio content, but typically in isolation. Yet, harmful content often combines multiple modalities, as in the case of memes, which are of particular interest due to their viral nature. With this in mind, here we offer a comprehensive survey with a focus on harmful memes. Based on a systematic analysis of recent literature, we first propose a new typology of harmful memes, and then we highlight and summarize the relevant "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.04274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2205.04274/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"GbKqvYpTB72jjFzKxwOq7s8n5wgZOb8xGG/f+EdJt+c7cGQym1fL0wtb0FG0GobqewEldyGlebQ/VFb0AJxDBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:07:23.908844Z"},"content_sha256":"28976f5f15b45d8cba9799a8f3da33a714ccfd33c97c31fd78077ed2228da730","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:28976f5f15b45d8cba9799a8f3da33a714ccfd33c97c31fd78077ed2228da730"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T04:07:23Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKRMMIQYQWS23","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f108dabc0f6d6eac9e5f1b77a14129064a217a4eb438c778bfb8a69812f9a186","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-05-09T13:43:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"a45e2ba333b7a9983ef3b7d6f2be51f7770ef1c4b73178ab7afef13b74e8e10d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.04274","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.04274","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.04274v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.04274","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2L7ZQ47IEGC4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2L7ZQ47IEGC4SUKR","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2L7ZQ47I","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:28976f5f15b45d8cba9799a8f3da33a714ccfd33c97c31fd78077ed2228da730","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2205.04274/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The automatic identification of harmful content online is of major concern for social media platforms, policymakers, and society. Researchers have studied textual, visual, and audio content, but typically in isolation. Yet, harmful content often combines multiple modalities, as in the case of memes, which are of particular interest due to their viral nature. With this in mind, here we offer a comprehensive survey with a focus on harmful memes. Based on a systematic analysis of recent literature, we first propose a new typology of harmful memes, and then we highlight and summarize the relevant ","authors_text":"Alon Halevy, Dimitar Dimitrov, Fabrizio Silvestri, Firoj Alam, Giovanni Da San Martino, Hamed Firooz, Md. Shad Akhtar, Preslav Nakov, Shivam Sharma, Tanmoy Chakraborty","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-05-09T13:43:27Z","title":"Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Survey"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.04274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f2ece56dff18314730a718cca1cf712a13f051dc8828b95ec32e15c720879021","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f108dabc0f6d6eac9e5f1b77a14129064a217a4eb438c778bfb8a69812f9a186","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-05-09T13:43:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"a45e2ba333b7a9983ef3b7d6f2be51f7770ef1c4b73178ab7afef13b74e8e10d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.04274","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"d2ff9873e82185c9515163110c42d2d6fcc64b957a2ef1b3c25ae2ba46e59779","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d2ff9873e82185c9515163110c42d2d6fcc64b957a2ef1b3c25ae2ba46e59779","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13.530411Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13.530411Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"caL1i4qIolXsd9I074ldmk2BYkxYuJI1VGBIf4HLLD14cCvK6KmH/BEAZghSgM6TfQYPi2OnZKuzgyt0yqRmCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:27:13.530949Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2205.04274","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f2ece56dff18314730a718cca1cf712a13f051dc8828b95ec32e15c720879021","sha256:28976f5f15b45d8cba9799a8f3da33a714ccfd33c97c31fd78077ed2228da730"],"state_sha256":"892ec6bbf07c1a916b56be5b780c605bf7f14c32902b631d7f2ccf64515c145e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SN0awaH4tTFoSrVESzZnX36uM5+Nh8+cN4AlyxggBCZPfHskKqYjce2uAvaEhK185lPEXNA3TN3Tx5Moi5BcDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:07:23.915197Z","bundle_sha256":"a8dac236de61f4b2f2ab6767809ecba4e9b9207e56b12ecb94caee61eb98a734"}}