{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:2SNIGXX3NS5NMGQJX2SB5N6VVM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9027d5bfa9d4fd0f18350be94440365c608c9d7248dfd34b10f7e01219e0e56d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2017-03-25T01:37:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"7ecdff8f0efd4d9fd59a9b88b1497283d984b21bd79c78344cb359b94a4b9780"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1703.08636","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1703.08636","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1703.08636v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1703.08636","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2SNIGXX3NS5N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2SNIGXX3NS5NMGQJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2SNIGXX3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:be37e71fe848ede2917b909c7a11644f82743bf98c4d8d3d00b16af9a71fe089","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We propose definitions of substitutes and complements for pieces of information (\"signals\") in the context of a decision or optimization problem, with game-theoretic and algorithmic applications. In a game-theoretic context, substitutes capture diminishing marginal value of information to a rational decision maker. We use the definitions to address the question of how and when information is aggregated in prediction markets. Substitutes characterize \"best-possible\" equilibria with immediate information aggregation, while complements characterize \"worst-possible\", delayed aggregation. Game-theo","authors_text":"Bo Waggoner, Yiling Chen","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2017-03-25T01:37:23Z","title":"Informational Substitutes"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1703.08636","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:8697548083e5664ff7d360b82c446800677bf52bff595a2ab667f7eacf4e47c0","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9027d5bfa9d4fd0f18350be94440365c608c9d7248dfd34b10f7e01219e0e56d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2017-03-25T01:37:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"7ecdff8f0efd4d9fd59a9b88b1497283d984b21bd79c78344cb359b94a4b9780"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1703.08636","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d49a835efb6cbad61a09bea41eb7d5ab34b96d615aaaeda78906946fdf2ef6c5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d49a835efb6cbad61a09bea41eb7d5ab34b96d615aaaeda78906946fdf2ef6c5","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55.989105Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55.989105Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"6jByHcWQK+34YY9A6Ofzo7U/3rvBAAgoa41UqlIARTTbxanscAr2LmdZGiK5WEhTP38m9LqO3UcKN+/rrhb7Dw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:55.989514Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1703.08636","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:8697548083e5664ff7d360b82c446800677bf52bff595a2ab667f7eacf4e47c0","sha256:be37e71fe848ede2917b909c7a11644f82743bf98c4d8d3d00b16af9a71fe089"],"state_sha256":"1868ffdaad4aa04f5a12ab35b25393241b4842020ff189733e9922ebb1110f02"}