{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2020:2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY","short_pith_number":"pith:2SW55PDC","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"d4addebc622dd4106379feed54ab0e361cc16b8e785a5e3bc35de04e5dcdcb4d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2004.05316","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Ivy: Instrumental Variable Synthesis for Causal Inference","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Aldo C\\'ordova-Palomera, Christopher R\\'e, Frederic Sala, James Priest, Jared Dunnmon, Nimit Sohoni, Sen Wu, Zhaobin Kuang","submitted_at":"2020-04-11T06:11:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"A popular way to estimate the causal effect of a variable x on y from observational data is to use an instrumental variable (IV): a third variable z that affects y only through x. The more strongly z is associated with x, the more reliable the estimate is, but such strong IVs are difficult to find. Instead, practitioners combine more commonly available IV candidates---which are not necessarily strong, or even valid, IVs---into a single \"summary\" that is plugged into causal effect estimators in place of an IV. In genetic epidemiology, such approaches are known as allele scores. Allele scores re"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.05316","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-04-11T06:11:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"aadce4ee0dd0c81f02f682b29a05aeee985fdcdfe56d4c3ec1aac7a5e32dacaf","abstract_canon_sha256":"478d49993017b354ef81d9f218dd646af7eafd1c50153f414a5b0cd678f3544b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.951348Z","signature_b64":"SWWZd8jf1mAv+WOG8qf6CBVzVoV6jCbX/PQ7sflof61Lw0CLQXuL2UlzAU4OjtwQjg3df2TYi2SK0vP2VFGzBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d4addebc622dd4106379feed54ab0e361cc16b8e785a5e3bc35de04e5dcdcb4d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950902Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950902Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Ivy: Instrumental Variable Synthesis for Causal Inference","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Aldo C\\'ordova-Palomera, Christopher R\\'e, Frederic Sala, James Priest, Jared Dunnmon, Nimit Sohoni, Sen Wu, Zhaobin Kuang","submitted_at":"2020-04-11T06:11:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"A popular way to estimate the causal effect of a variable x on y from observational data is to use an instrumental variable (IV): a third variable z that affects y only through x. The more strongly z is associated with x, the more reliable the estimate is, but such strong IVs are difficult to find. Instead, practitioners combine more commonly available IV candidates---which are not necessarily strong, or even valid, IVs---into a single \"summary\" that is plugged into causal effect estimators in place of an IV. In genetic epidemiology, such approaches are known as allele scores. Allele scores re"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.05316","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2004.05316/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.05316","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.05316v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.05316","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2SW55PDCFXKB","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2SW55PDC","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY","json":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/2SW55PDC"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/2SW55PDC","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2004.05316&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/2SW55PDCFXKBAY3Z73WVJKYOGY/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T00:54:35.950956+00:00"}