{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP","short_pith_number":"pith:2VGCSRE5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2505.24635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T14:25:45Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3ba409d9195e1d1d166a331fd0b979ceb59474e4c867c3825d9ef4eae50fbef1","abstract_canon_sha256":"399b7b79f0155d6a345242ceaee8f39cc209c237b73e3fd28346bd658cf33eec"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d54c29449da7dc65cefdaa52a3ac8c73f7f52f14fc935b6acd91fef70303d7bc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2505.24635","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2505.24635","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2505.24635v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.24635","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2VGCSRE5U7OG","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2VGCSRE5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2505.24635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T14:25:45Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3ba409d9195e1d1d166a331fd0b979ceb59474e4c867c3825d9ef4eae50fbef1","abstract_canon_sha256":"399b7b79f0155d6a345242ceaee8f39cc209c237b73e3fd28346bd658cf33eec"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d54c29449da7dc65cefdaa52a3ac8c73f7f52f14fc935b6acd91fef70303d7bc","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53.646289Z","signature_b64":"Tjjz39TgDOweHtgQuU5xUoWPALb0iYzQwQwSUQLmm6Kem+31N59tkjxuQe3+cBq+HaUsXHm58RdT1yYTKW/lCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d54c29449da7dc65cefdaa52a3ac8c73f7f52f14fc935b6acd91fef70303d7bc","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53.645742Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53.645742Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2505.24635","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"82TJvBjFduZiCTac2iKb74t/hsN5b8lRr8EBk62kStAiPlJ5lQ2zh2ENsuSCMG0aYpbaUEo/4mPp8zIkqGUPCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T22:29:50.450276Z"},"content_sha256":"39cfb5098050435ade520b922c3bc26d68cf410386d3a28f0d52778b6d0baab1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:39cfb5098050435ade520b922c3bc26d68cf410386d3a28f0d52778b6d0baab1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Disentangling Language and Culture for Evaluating Multilingual Large Language Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Jiahao Ying, Wei Tang, Wenxuan Zhang, Yiran Zhao, Yixin Cao, Yu Rong","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T14:25:45Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper introduces a Dual Evaluation Framework to comprehensively assess the multilingual capabilities of LLMs. By decomposing the evaluation along the dimensions of linguistic medium and cultural context, this framework enables a nuanced analysis of LLMs' ability to process questions within both native and cross-cultural contexts cross-lingually. Extensive evaluations are conducted on a wide range of models, revealing a notable \"CulturalLinguistic Synergy\" phenomenon, where models exhibit better performance when questions are culturally aligned with the language. This phenomenon is further"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2505.24635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2505.24635/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vU3PElnMWBawvOt78SlXdmjZymj0Gi6+1slNO/iWveldL8OvubTWltmduM3u7PBG07IaUeCfdsqkeInhQE48BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T22:29:50.450872Z"},"content_sha256":"3761e09863fa697a24c93820de54b54c8d0393d950751cfb2418a3204f252ea4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3761e09863fa697a24c93820de54b54c8d0393d950751cfb2418a3204f252ea4"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T22:29:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5VJJKHLEMOP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"399b7b79f0155d6a345242ceaee8f39cc209c237b73e3fd28346bd658cf33eec","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T14:25:45Z","title_canon_sha256":"3ba409d9195e1d1d166a331fd0b979ceb59474e4c867c3825d9ef4eae50fbef1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.24635","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2505.24635","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2505.24635v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.24635","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2VGCSRE5U7OG","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2VGCSRE5U7OGLTX5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2VGCSRE5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3761e09863fa697a24c93820de54b54c8d0393d950751cfb2418a3204f252ea4","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2505.24635/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper introduces a Dual Evaluation Framework to comprehensively assess the multilingual capabilities of LLMs. By decomposing the evaluation along the dimensions of linguistic medium and cultural context, this framework enables a nuanced analysis of LLMs' ability to process questions within both native and cross-cultural contexts cross-lingually. Extensive evaluations are conducted on a wide range of models, revealing a notable \"CulturalLinguistic Synergy\" phenomenon, where models exhibit better performance when questions are culturally aligned with the language. This phenomenon is further","authors_text":"Jiahao Ying, Wei Tang, Wenxuan Zhang, Yiran Zhao, Yixin Cao, Yu Rong","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T14:25:45Z","title":"Disentangling Language and Culture for Evaluating Multilingual Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2505.24635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:39cfb5098050435ade520b922c3bc26d68cf410386d3a28f0d52778b6d0baab1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"399b7b79f0155d6a345242ceaee8f39cc209c237b73e3fd28346bd658cf33eec","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T14:25:45Z","title_canon_sha256":"3ba409d9195e1d1d166a331fd0b979ceb59474e4c867c3825d9ef4eae50fbef1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.24635","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d54c29449da7dc65cefdaa52a3ac8c73f7f52f14fc935b6acd91fef70303d7bc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d54c29449da7dc65cefdaa52a3ac8c73f7f52f14fc935b6acd91fef70303d7bc","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53.645742Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53.645742Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Tjjz39TgDOweHtgQuU5xUoWPALb0iYzQwQwSUQLmm6Kem+31N59tkjxuQe3+cBq+HaUsXHm58RdT1yYTKW/lCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:12:53.646289Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2505.24635","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:39cfb5098050435ade520b922c3bc26d68cf410386d3a28f0d52778b6d0baab1","sha256:3761e09863fa697a24c93820de54b54c8d0393d950751cfb2418a3204f252ea4"],"state_sha256":"68cf0c7596a56fa21c1958421ee8a3758a10394ba6935aa463dee51de394ea28"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZxLUw0YSirLLgMW673c0S0BXgon6wJ07lv9IZuT3W2sNemBdlsAFNfcop3kpLtDEpvtwWFNJbFXsqlcpfi22Ag==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T22:29:50.455949Z","bundle_sha256":"1b756d4919405402e46702175ed98f1b273085870e814917b6c6fea0dc53d751"}}