{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH","short_pith_number":"pith:2YK32YPH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1505.05461","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2015-05-20T17:36:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ME","stat.ML","stat.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"9192b9852672131a24108e27f6f9505ae8975161a5cd2fb10f15bd8ff339c795","abstract_canon_sha256":"4a3e72b1e37a44d3c6a593bcea0738a4d9712a53b064065ca014b684cd1d941e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d615bd61e73cf56361126554413b4051c12f766f682732c5c188a5e96fe9fdf4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1505.05461","version":5},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1505.05461","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1505.05461v5","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1505.05461","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2YK32YPHHT2W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2YK32YPHHT2WGYIS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2YK32YPH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1505.05461","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2015-05-20T17:36:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ME","stat.ML","stat.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"9192b9852672131a24108e27f6f9505ae8975161a5cd2fb10f15bd8ff339c795","abstract_canon_sha256":"4a3e72b1e37a44d3c6a593bcea0738a4d9712a53b064065ca014b684cd1d941e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d615bd61e73cf56361126554413b4051c12f766f682732c5c188a5e96fe9fdf4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18.841767Z","signature_b64":"Ftj90u843YN/I6soiuCY4eT539NRn0xGOnVK5cUiREW5jgkgr51liGDEi5bwVPgR4sYZfRhxVy1mLG/r3MQ7Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d615bd61e73cf56361126554413b4051c12f766f682732c5c188a5e96fe9fdf4","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18.839633Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18.839633Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1505.05461","source_version":5,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"K4svL13szVxae2tSUi2isbaCKEVO2B6zlAXX67iBxdNz5dRrY3g1ZnL3KBnb286O1v4MyvP632uFYnSjESrKAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T13:47:11.090038Z"},"content_sha256":"13f525cf2ef59327546646dd4ea8236720300d20d2daf32fc156deb0c5ca7fe8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:13f525cf2ef59327546646dd4ea8236720300d20d2daf32fc156deb0c5ca7fe8"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Network driven sampling; a critical threshold for design effects","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ME","stat.ML","stat.TH"],"primary_cat":"math.ST","authors_text":"Karl Rohe","submitted_at":"2015-05-20T17:36:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Web crawling, snowball sampling, and respondent-driven sampling (RDS) are three types of network sampling techniques used to contact individuals in hard-to-reach populations. This paper studies these procedures as a Markov process on the social network that is indexed by a tree. Each node in this tree corresponds to an observation and each edge in the tree corresponds to a referral. Indexing with a tree (instead of a chain) allows for the sampled units to refer multiple future units into the sample. In survey sampling, the design effect characterizes the additional variance induced by a novel "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1505.05461","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Pf8z5uzLyag0gDR8weu3GpPVndWZdKJEbF8Qzc1nxhcmKH/Gs181UYDKagPLi32VGh+bvZw6qJ4DLOy6qimDBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T13:47:11.090637Z"},"content_sha256":"8b238a03c5ead6e18b692190ab190800c0c43b1aec6e8cf4aebbcd7cc3ba8e72","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8b238a03c5ead6e18b692190ab190800c0c43b1aec6e8cf4aebbcd7cc3ba8e72"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-19T13:47:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:2YK32YPHHT2WGYISMVKECO2AKH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4a3e72b1e37a44d3c6a593bcea0738a4d9712a53b064065ca014b684cd1d941e","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ME","stat.ML","stat.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2015-05-20T17:36:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"9192b9852672131a24108e27f6f9505ae8975161a5cd2fb10f15bd8ff339c795"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1505.05461","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1505.05461","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1505.05461v5","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1505.05461","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2YK32YPHHT2W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2YK32YPHHT2WGYIS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2YK32YPH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8b238a03c5ead6e18b692190ab190800c0c43b1aec6e8cf4aebbcd7cc3ba8e72","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Web crawling, snowball sampling, and respondent-driven sampling (RDS) are three types of network sampling techniques used to contact individuals in hard-to-reach populations. This paper studies these procedures as a Markov process on the social network that is indexed by a tree. Each node in this tree corresponds to an observation and each edge in the tree corresponds to a referral. Indexing with a tree (instead of a chain) allows for the sampled units to refer multiple future units into the sample. In survey sampling, the design effect characterizes the additional variance induced by a novel ","authors_text":"Karl Rohe","cross_cats":["stat.ME","stat.ML","stat.TH"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2015-05-20T17:36:03Z","title":"Network driven sampling; a critical threshold for design effects"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1505.05461","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:13f525cf2ef59327546646dd4ea8236720300d20d2daf32fc156deb0c5ca7fe8","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4a3e72b1e37a44d3c6a593bcea0738a4d9712a53b064065ca014b684cd1d941e","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ME","stat.ML","stat.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2015-05-20T17:36:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"9192b9852672131a24108e27f6f9505ae8975161a5cd2fb10f15bd8ff339c795"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1505.05461","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"canonical_sha256":"d615bd61e73cf56361126554413b4051c12f766f682732c5c188a5e96fe9fdf4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d615bd61e73cf56361126554413b4051c12f766f682732c5c188a5e96fe9fdf4","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18.839633Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18.839633Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Ftj90u843YN/I6soiuCY4eT539NRn0xGOnVK5cUiREW5jgkgr51liGDEi5bwVPgR4sYZfRhxVy1mLG/r3MQ7Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:43:18.841767Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1505.05461","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":5}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:13f525cf2ef59327546646dd4ea8236720300d20d2daf32fc156deb0c5ca7fe8","sha256:8b238a03c5ead6e18b692190ab190800c0c43b1aec6e8cf4aebbcd7cc3ba8e72"],"state_sha256":"34c5ad1fac6cb98b6187486bc2363382c7bd87aa805c3adf274ac69b5d35b099"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Iu1BGSCpi+KUeYdIL4h8M+qRWrRWRGSo0j9Gfu7tWcKCbnJy7JIOSPURiEaCJ9Z4Rax0Qilg1/nejHu4kQ/0Dg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T13:47:11.093062Z","bundle_sha256":"5b68201504b4e1fb2c2caed496996cb3a4e6eb3aa73f9c8c0ac2118cb222d7b4"}}