{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK","short_pith_number":"pith:34FWB7ZY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.09310","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-04-25T01:34:08Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","eess.SP"],"title_canon_sha256":"24aa1ce65410c4c937a2d4b28bde2d664ce18e0efd296040b70420e601ec07b8","abstract_canon_sha256":"4c64ae83e3e33477b7bd4ab45b7792baedeb3eac83711d298935b69894276727"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"df0b60ff386f9c9958dcd480bdaf565282d8710bfd03305f4bb1f2d2677ea147","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.09310","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.09310","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.09310v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.09310","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"34FWB7ZYN6OJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"34FWB7ZY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.09310","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-04-25T01:34:08Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","eess.SP"],"title_canon_sha256":"24aa1ce65410c4c937a2d4b28bde2d664ce18e0efd296040b70420e601ec07b8","abstract_canon_sha256":"4c64ae83e3e33477b7bd4ab45b7792baedeb3eac83711d298935b69894276727"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"df0b60ff386f9c9958dcd480bdaf565282d8710bfd03305f4bb1f2d2677ea147","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30.294868Z","signature_b64":"T25389aqo5270C6H3yx2Du3d3H6tzQ5XoAZp/TheiW/z3Af5a5Y98dxpWmYknaFViTjaJPRRjmcIugPDLyGlBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"df0b60ff386f9c9958dcd480bdaf565282d8710bfd03305f4bb1f2d2677ea147","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30.294207Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30.294207Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1804.09310","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WaR0FAI3C6R4CPX/xvTnrpk+0EKmEikdDfGrItwLlEyw+zamC4gHiZQ1PkvvjBP3BbxFxHb0k1Nrw8FqBaaGCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-22T11:43:09.821764Z"},"content_sha256":"f7d9c444d881a67b3495f23c05d1727b818ffa42f69e3fcce88cf296335be5d7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f7d9c444d881a67b3495f23c05d1727b818ffa42f69e3fcce88cf296335be5d7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Vulnerability Analysis of Smart Grids to GPS Spoofing","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CR","eess.SP"],"primary_cat":"cs.SY","authors_text":"Ahmad Taha, Nikolaos Gatsis, Paresh Risbud","submitted_at":"2018-04-25T01:34:08Z","abstract_excerpt":"Sensors such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) endowed with GPS receivers are ubiquitously installed providing real-time grid visibility. A number of PMUs can cooperatively enable state estimation routines. However, GPS spoofing attacks can notably alter the PMU measurements, mislead the network operator, and drastically impact subsequent corrective control actions. Leveraging a novel measurement model that explicitly accounts for the GPS spoofing attacks, this paper formulates an optimization problem to identify the most vulnerable PMUs in the network. A greedy algorithm is developed to solv"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.09310","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"u9r6B4DFzDRzWffLGpYHRvnjL4ZS/Myvd1X4MqMIh7jlgBaAl049KDJbTnayu3aq9XzfexJ2HtvjZpkBdPDxBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-22T11:43:09.822102Z"},"content_sha256":"ed0f8913080389326e624e6d8c6b296c787a833c6f6b6be5f7818b2959b3567c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ed0f8913080389326e624e6d8c6b296c787a833c6f6b6be5f7818b2959b3567c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-22T11:43:09Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG42SAL3L2WKK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4c64ae83e3e33477b7bd4ab45b7792baedeb3eac83711d298935b69894276727","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","eess.SP"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-04-25T01:34:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"24aa1ce65410c4c937a2d4b28bde2d664ce18e0efd296040b70420e601ec07b8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.09310","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.09310","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.09310v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.09310","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"34FWB7ZYN6OJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"34FWB7ZYN6OJSWG4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"34FWB7ZY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ed0f8913080389326e624e6d8c6b296c787a833c6f6b6be5f7818b2959b3567c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Sensors such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) endowed with GPS receivers are ubiquitously installed providing real-time grid visibility. A number of PMUs can cooperatively enable state estimation routines. However, GPS spoofing attacks can notably alter the PMU measurements, mislead the network operator, and drastically impact subsequent corrective control actions. Leveraging a novel measurement model that explicitly accounts for the GPS spoofing attacks, this paper formulates an optimization problem to identify the most vulnerable PMUs in the network. A greedy algorithm is developed to solv","authors_text":"Ahmad Taha, Nikolaos Gatsis, Paresh Risbud","cross_cats":["cs.CR","eess.SP"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-04-25T01:34:08Z","title":"Vulnerability Analysis of Smart Grids to GPS Spoofing"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.09310","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f7d9c444d881a67b3495f23c05d1727b818ffa42f69e3fcce88cf296335be5d7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4c64ae83e3e33477b7bd4ab45b7792baedeb3eac83711d298935b69894276727","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","eess.SP"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-04-25T01:34:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"24aa1ce65410c4c937a2d4b28bde2d664ce18e0efd296040b70420e601ec07b8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.09310","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"df0b60ff386f9c9958dcd480bdaf565282d8710bfd03305f4bb1f2d2677ea147","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"df0b60ff386f9c9958dcd480bdaf565282d8710bfd03305f4bb1f2d2677ea147","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30.294207Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30.294207Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"T25389aqo5270C6H3yx2Du3d3H6tzQ5XoAZp/TheiW/z3Af5a5Y98dxpWmYknaFViTjaJPRRjmcIugPDLyGlBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:30.294868Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1804.09310","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f7d9c444d881a67b3495f23c05d1727b818ffa42f69e3fcce88cf296335be5d7","sha256:ed0f8913080389326e624e6d8c6b296c787a833c6f6b6be5f7818b2959b3567c"],"state_sha256":"f58eb93ecafed1be8b0e6aee68b3988d2b9d06a9e4c7a46c429c262913498f25"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DDyFHbJEiDDKb2SeLcfpMugv3N3CCh0ZzyZltLXjS8I/2P0Fme5ptBLkqOZB142ZYYtrUl0jzVnZtuS7nT/1BA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-22T11:43:09.824029Z","bundle_sha256":"5f553589defd4ef4837f881be29e2e8e8a156e9cfcb8170a72e2c364ab1f06d6"}}