{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY","short_pith_number":"pith:3AKYONPX","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.01718","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-08-05T16:51:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"64fbf52a4fabaea63bf694edc91981dbd915c05d8eacd501ab5d80c0c6ce631b","abstract_canon_sha256":"6ee95a0e9a2bce2001023b8e4173dae5eaff2f43f8b9c2050b0af9eb21b07db1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d8158735f747ee2e082feb6fa1498f46229874749d060552eb71e24782eb0e1c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.01718","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.01718","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.01718v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.01718","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3AKYONPXI7XC","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3AKYONPX","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.01718","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-08-05T16:51:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"64fbf52a4fabaea63bf694edc91981dbd915c05d8eacd501ab5d80c0c6ce631b","abstract_canon_sha256":"6ee95a0e9a2bce2001023b8e4173dae5eaff2f43f8b9c2050b0af9eb21b07db1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d8158735f747ee2e082feb6fa1498f46229874749d060552eb71e24782eb0e1c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35.534320Z","signature_b64":"3XECdxJqkGJw9mZS2vby4Q/YE8O3VUaWSFTJ0vfrV8mYHiPqC2vg/37fPb5t2iJ7PXXHhms1wIPJUvdRomi0CA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d8158735f747ee2e082feb6fa1498f46229874749d060552eb71e24782eb0e1c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35.533865Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35.533865Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.01718","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LROGadoUPoj0dqGrV9jHAZ6Ggapc+9Hm1r1c2jurx4sneEIIBiW60NF76F4Kp3DHEGdufTwSryoPsIGR4zVABA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T03:43:14.462755Z"},"content_sha256":"8ae440c11094a5a588a3a3431487f763b3ad27dcea6a6fb063edd0adca25c38f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8ae440c11094a5a588a3a3431487f763b3ad27dcea6a6fb063edd0adca25c38f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Discovery of Bias and Strategic Behavior in Crowdsourced Performance Assessment","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["econ.EM","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Jason Zezhong Xiao, Matt Shum, Xi Wu, Yifei Huang","submitted_at":"2019-08-05T16:51:09Z","abstract_excerpt":"With the industry trend of shifting from a traditional hierarchical approach to flatter management structure, crowdsourced performance assessment gained mainstream popularity. One fundamental challenge of crowdsourced performance assessment is the risks that personal interest can introduce distortions of facts, especially when the system is used to determine merit pay or promotion. In this paper, we developed a method to identify bias and strategic behavior in crowdsourced performance assessment, using a rich dataset collected from a professional service firm in China. We find a pattern of \"di"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.01718","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.01718/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4knwnsV8QbZPm5qydsiDVIDywHN5iWSuacjnduMriT1CRl/JGjhfXBFyAniQndLHS4Ce4shEKM35/d2Qu+1yBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T03:43:14.463347Z"},"content_sha256":"7063686d14938dfadec143f5d1254b8f4dfe6dcb5e5ad0df079af4faa429ae81","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7063686d14938dfadec143f5d1254b8f4dfe6dcb5e5ad0df079af4faa429ae81"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T03:43:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP5NX2CSMPIY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6ee95a0e9a2bce2001023b8e4173dae5eaff2f43f8b9c2050b0af9eb21b07db1","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-08-05T16:51:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"64fbf52a4fabaea63bf694edc91981dbd915c05d8eacd501ab5d80c0c6ce631b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.01718","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.01718","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.01718v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.01718","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3AKYONPXI7XC","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3AKYONPXI7XC4CBP","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3AKYONPX","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7063686d14938dfadec143f5d1254b8f4dfe6dcb5e5ad0df079af4faa429ae81","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.01718/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"With the industry trend of shifting from a traditional hierarchical approach to flatter management structure, crowdsourced performance assessment gained mainstream popularity. One fundamental challenge of crowdsourced performance assessment is the risks that personal interest can introduce distortions of facts, especially when the system is used to determine merit pay or promotion. In this paper, we developed a method to identify bias and strategic behavior in crowdsourced performance assessment, using a rich dataset collected from a professional service firm in China. We find a pattern of \"di","authors_text":"Jason Zezhong Xiao, Matt Shum, Xi Wu, Yifei Huang","cross_cats":["econ.EM","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-08-05T16:51:09Z","title":"Discovery of Bias and Strategic Behavior in Crowdsourced Performance Assessment"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.01718","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:8ae440c11094a5a588a3a3431487f763b3ad27dcea6a6fb063edd0adca25c38f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6ee95a0e9a2bce2001023b8e4173dae5eaff2f43f8b9c2050b0af9eb21b07db1","cross_cats_sorted":["econ.EM","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-08-05T16:51:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"64fbf52a4fabaea63bf694edc91981dbd915c05d8eacd501ab5d80c0c6ce631b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.01718","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"d8158735f747ee2e082feb6fa1498f46229874749d060552eb71e24782eb0e1c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d8158735f747ee2e082feb6fa1498f46229874749d060552eb71e24782eb0e1c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35.533865Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35.533865Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"3XECdxJqkGJw9mZS2vby4Q/YE8O3VUaWSFTJ0vfrV8mYHiPqC2vg/37fPb5t2iJ7PXXHhms1wIPJUvdRomi0CA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:35.534320Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.01718","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:8ae440c11094a5a588a3a3431487f763b3ad27dcea6a6fb063edd0adca25c38f","sha256:7063686d14938dfadec143f5d1254b8f4dfe6dcb5e5ad0df079af4faa429ae81"],"state_sha256":"5f5ea85ea04a937bfcaaf6137165318de7a865d1636c494f609daa0ab92ee799"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3TQ6+wfYkQpPbW/p2+goXsTeomRci1qUcmfBQjbW5HeCLdI5crLtZOgGXy4tn9jnqfspmw5796lJ0d/KkOVvAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T03:43:14.467974Z","bundle_sha256":"ae3d910d24493637f738fdae1a8e2e319abaf6e250437805030ba81f9664395b"}}