{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:3F2FGO3BPVJTMYSB2DK4MDXMBW","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ec060f4c67c9b1ba3cbd961181f687b0b9c479c79db003252e28a874e1021044","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","econ.EM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-12-18T16:00:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"4de19fbcdba63be543c4168f4490d96a0b884d41720654a3f00085b00456adbe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2012.10315","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2012.10315","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2012.10315v5","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2012.10315","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3F2FGO3BPVJT","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3F2FGO3BPVJTMYSB","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3F2FGO3B","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:43440ec454cdf67269635fa94d0e1d12c67de7fbdc518937f9535f9f8da35147","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2012.10315/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Negative control is a strategy for learning the causal relationship between treatment and outcome in the presence of unmeasured confounding. The treatment effect can nonetheless be identified if two auxiliary variables are available: a negative control treatment (which has no effect on the actual outcome), and a negative control outcome (which is not affected by the actual treatment). These auxiliary variables can also be viewed as proxies for a traditional set of control variables, and they bear resemblance to instrumental variables. I propose a family of algorithms based on kernel ridge regr","authors_text":"Rahul Singh","cross_cats":["cs.LG","econ.EM"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-12-18T16:00:08Z","title":"Kernel Methods for Unobserved Confounding: Negative Controls, Proxies, and Instruments"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2012.10315","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:aea38062597a1fb508285682895a8894be6a9caa392824e18ed747ac92c59f76","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ec060f4c67c9b1ba3cbd961181f687b0b9c479c79db003252e28a874e1021044","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","econ.EM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-12-18T16:00:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"4de19fbcdba63be543c4168f4490d96a0b884d41720654a3f00085b00456adbe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2012.10315","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"canonical_sha256":"d974533b617d53366241d0d5c60eec0daed80e10ecd9d184b38eff4ccd9a2c6d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d974533b617d53366241d0d5c60eec0daed80e10ecd9d184b38eff4ccd9a2c6d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46.041423Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46.041423Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"0jp7Pg1P1ieLbKAx3FNg3rQ6+OLwKqQzac6eUzzsBjpvIESfm/VnxbCZkmuxUu9jqLxKXVJcIV7d3f4QL6JuCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:46.041763Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2012.10315","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":5}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:aea38062597a1fb508285682895a8894be6a9caa392824e18ed747ac92c59f76","sha256:43440ec454cdf67269635fa94d0e1d12c67de7fbdc518937f9535f9f8da35147"],"state_sha256":"513a70e60df1dad060086628cd82c8cff5561d000c510cd9a4cb4ef4e3f0a3ee"}