{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A","short_pith_number":"pith:3GNK6NP4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.04023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-07-09T07:30:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"title_canon_sha256":"8373a0235332350a7750cdd979f59eb1a4e23832d44775c921bfc0f64d8ad578","abstract_canon_sha256":"f53c0017547a8fbc170ca3159e077d2e407a5f8e6cce3ed1bd27a13609930cbe"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d99aaf35fc09b0cfa8745334bd25d2d025520e18bf58c1f895bd3378a2832c99","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1907.04023","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1907.04023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1907.04023v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1907.04023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3GNK6NP4BGYM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3GNK6NP4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.04023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-07-09T07:30:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"title_canon_sha256":"8373a0235332350a7750cdd979f59eb1a4e23832d44775c921bfc0f64d8ad578","abstract_canon_sha256":"f53c0017547a8fbc170ca3159e077d2e407a5f8e6cce3ed1bd27a13609930cbe"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d99aaf35fc09b0cfa8745334bd25d2d025520e18bf58c1f895bd3378a2832c99","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05.945430Z","signature_b64":"0gWeag8H+wQIiDXRO0FI1mCjgItn6Xz4+kDzRtgHjufVyzcHBtiWTS6nq3BbgcKkaENRnyA87G+F+7U2z/HmBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d99aaf35fc09b0cfa8745334bd25d2d025520e18bf58c1f895bd3378a2832c99","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05.944862Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05.944862Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1907.04023","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"osGVkj/aioBjQMlziXJmOBOfu5qsuWmP5IW8ggzZ/qBwl+0XsghlSi1Tz4kkMfZ7YsgREp6+jyX9DNLCs1XoAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T22:47:21.472671Z"},"content_sha256":"f21bc73b46690a6851c4dc7ccb41cf56d809d11528dd9f2c024fa4bea4b57bf5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f21bc73b46690a6851c4dc7ccb41cf56d809d11528dd9f2c024fa4bea4b57bf5"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Analysing Censorship Circumvention with VPNs via DNS Cache Snooping","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.NI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Alexander Darer, Joss Wright, Oliver Farnan","submitted_at":"2019-07-09T07:30:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"Anecdotal evidence suggests an increasing number of people are turning to VPN services for the properties of privacy, anonymity and free communication over the internet. Despite this, there is little research into what these services are actually being used for. We use DNS cache snooping to determine what domains people are accessing through VPNs. This technique is used to discover whether certain queries have been made against a particular DNS server. Some VPNs operate their own DNS servers, ensuring that any cached queries were made by users of the VPN. We explore 3 methods of DNS cache snoo"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1907.04023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"dnFdUCAU7p0o8A3b9XoMmqO4qIY3pQFb5wZKpXT6P+EmQC60P47veSQ0j5Dgxwkd+hML4M1o+WCurq+tvzlwAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T22:47:21.473429Z"},"content_sha256":"1bed50618383c486856e231aeafe031d14a180b084688ac8ff0be647a029968f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1bed50618383c486856e231aeafe031d14a180b084688ac8ff0be647a029968f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T22:47:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDUKM2L2JOS2A","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f53c0017547a8fbc170ca3159e077d2e407a5f8e6cce3ed1bd27a13609930cbe","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-07-09T07:30:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"8373a0235332350a7750cdd979f59eb1a4e23832d44775c921bfc0f64d8ad578"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1907.04023","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1907.04023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1907.04023v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1907.04023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3GNK6NP4BGYM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3GNK6NP4BGYM7KDU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3GNK6NP4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1bed50618383c486856e231aeafe031d14a180b084688ac8ff0be647a029968f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Anecdotal evidence suggests an increasing number of people are turning to VPN services for the properties of privacy, anonymity and free communication over the internet. Despite this, there is little research into what these services are actually being used for. We use DNS cache snooping to determine what domains people are accessing through VPNs. This technique is used to discover whether certain queries have been made against a particular DNS server. Some VPNs operate their own DNS servers, ensuring that any cached queries were made by users of the VPN. We explore 3 methods of DNS cache snoo","authors_text":"Alexander Darer, Joss Wright, Oliver Farnan","cross_cats":["cs.NI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-07-09T07:30:37Z","title":"Analysing Censorship Circumvention with VPNs via DNS Cache Snooping"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1907.04023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f21bc73b46690a6851c4dc7ccb41cf56d809d11528dd9f2c024fa4bea4b57bf5","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f53c0017547a8fbc170ca3159e077d2e407a5f8e6cce3ed1bd27a13609930cbe","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-07-09T07:30:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"8373a0235332350a7750cdd979f59eb1a4e23832d44775c921bfc0f64d8ad578"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1907.04023","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d99aaf35fc09b0cfa8745334bd25d2d025520e18bf58c1f895bd3378a2832c99","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d99aaf35fc09b0cfa8745334bd25d2d025520e18bf58c1f895bd3378a2832c99","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05.944862Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05.944862Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"0gWeag8H+wQIiDXRO0FI1mCjgItn6Xz4+kDzRtgHjufVyzcHBtiWTS6nq3BbgcKkaENRnyA87G+F+7U2z/HmBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:05.945430Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1907.04023","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f21bc73b46690a6851c4dc7ccb41cf56d809d11528dd9f2c024fa4bea4b57bf5","sha256:1bed50618383c486856e231aeafe031d14a180b084688ac8ff0be647a029968f"],"state_sha256":"326289af4f37622c1a8363456924a527a1009550a8895844b16fa6708336eff2"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PV0CLpl8xHFmSxPjCn1pVpyrv28L1IeyeepkZ2Qc8ro7Zrh3c3+Byqb+c/TsPuJEmIz9nLxAUXoRFzrDtd4MAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T22:47:21.477178Z","bundle_sha256":"b3c444582110c4364458acc73548c9fe6fc53244b83c111b7e1bcaddd9cc4f01"}}