{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG","short_pith_number":"pith:3GSRMQEW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2107.09106","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-07-19T18:55:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"916c52d5e083f2c91926c8119c95a6f06c5d69b536f1a611b198599a7a24d5f9","abstract_canon_sha256":"e312498c46b2ee4ad977822276202b550831048be73e8fba47af0611e92970ef"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d9a5164096fea102e55f700346199dc98b19a28d42b814cd58057f6e42e65a4b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2107.09106","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2107.09106","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2107.09106v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2107.09106","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3GSRMQEW72QQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3GSRMQEW","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2107.09106","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-07-19T18:55:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"916c52d5e083f2c91926c8119c95a6f06c5d69b536f1a611b198599a7a24d5f9","abstract_canon_sha256":"e312498c46b2ee4ad977822276202b550831048be73e8fba47af0611e92970ef"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d9a5164096fea102e55f700346199dc98b19a28d42b814cd58057f6e42e65a4b","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26.066353Z","signature_b64":"VRFUo9crEJZZechnfSWvX6uRt7KfnXgyXrah5Dl9RVg3QNJVAMlb4A6tQ3ApgQNpbVPr/EksXkLoOfwfE+LlDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d9a5164096fea102e55f700346199dc98b19a28d42b814cd58057f6e42e65a4b","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26.065877Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26.065877Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2107.09106","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EL5UZEp9S3p6UgTYiIyO7pVFloidc3Pgc64pWu4H9fON1HLh4ar0ES7wLQQVZQjvvbjxkQfppPi5y75fZ5kAAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T16:58:17.339573Z"},"content_sha256":"77cb762319ecc3ba6e2964847f1d033afcdcf96922e1721c9aceae1579f50dd6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:77cb762319ecc3ba6e2964847f1d033afcdcf96922e1721c9aceae1579f50dd6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Separating Skills and Concepts for Novel Visual Question Answering","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Heng Ji, Hui Wu, Kate Saenko, Rogerio Feris, Spencer Whitehead","submitted_at":"2021-07-19T18:55:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"Generalization to out-of-distribution data has been a problem for Visual Question Answering (VQA) models. To measure generalization to novel questions, we propose to separate them into \"skills\" and \"concepts\". \"Skills\" are visual tasks, such as counting or attribute recognition, and are applied to \"concepts\" mentioned in the question, such as objects and people. VQA methods should be able to compose skills and concepts in novel ways, regardless of whether the specific composition has been seen in training, yet we demonstrate that existing models have much to improve upon towards handling new c"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2107.09106","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2107.09106/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8mvrweYeeTtSLMZzZ7CwlkhIF4UwtibFE1aYV7w7gzdULm6FVvGDseQUbBVlMK5PZikk58/xFqO+UcNEEY51BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T16:58:17.340198Z"},"content_sha256":"16ab53009bbf6d1be65fcd60cca13d97eb5de7d3e7c073a46d57bfefcff67b75","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:16ab53009bbf6d1be65fcd60cca13d97eb5de7d3e7c073a46d57bfefcff67b75"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T16:58:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7OABUMGM5ZG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e312498c46b2ee4ad977822276202b550831048be73e8fba47af0611e92970ef","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-07-19T18:55:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"916c52d5e083f2c91926c8119c95a6f06c5d69b536f1a611b198599a7a24d5f9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2107.09106","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2107.09106","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2107.09106v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2107.09106","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3GSRMQEW72QQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3GSRMQEW72QQFZK7","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3GSRMQEW","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:16ab53009bbf6d1be65fcd60cca13d97eb5de7d3e7c073a46d57bfefcff67b75","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2107.09106/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Generalization to out-of-distribution data has been a problem for Visual Question Answering (VQA) models. To measure generalization to novel questions, we propose to separate them into \"skills\" and \"concepts\". \"Skills\" are visual tasks, such as counting or attribute recognition, and are applied to \"concepts\" mentioned in the question, such as objects and people. VQA methods should be able to compose skills and concepts in novel ways, regardless of whether the specific composition has been seen in training, yet we demonstrate that existing models have much to improve upon towards handling new c","authors_text":"Heng Ji, Hui Wu, Kate Saenko, Rogerio Feris, Spencer Whitehead","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-07-19T18:55:10Z","title":"Separating Skills and Concepts for Novel Visual Question Answering"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2107.09106","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:77cb762319ecc3ba6e2964847f1d033afcdcf96922e1721c9aceae1579f50dd6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e312498c46b2ee4ad977822276202b550831048be73e8fba47af0611e92970ef","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-07-19T18:55:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"916c52d5e083f2c91926c8119c95a6f06c5d69b536f1a611b198599a7a24d5f9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2107.09106","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"d9a5164096fea102e55f700346199dc98b19a28d42b814cd58057f6e42e65a4b","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d9a5164096fea102e55f700346199dc98b19a28d42b814cd58057f6e42e65a4b","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26.065877Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26.065877Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"VRFUo9crEJZZechnfSWvX6uRt7KfnXgyXrah5Dl9RVg3QNJVAMlb4A6tQ3ApgQNpbVPr/EksXkLoOfwfE+LlDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:59:26.066353Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2107.09106","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:77cb762319ecc3ba6e2964847f1d033afcdcf96922e1721c9aceae1579f50dd6","sha256:16ab53009bbf6d1be65fcd60cca13d97eb5de7d3e7c073a46d57bfefcff67b75"],"state_sha256":"c9544a4852aee578ff7f2b5f97d7061919a47830ef9428e641938142683f8ae1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"KSbD+xBQDXiZK77ppPzkbQbNIbQp/ZXmhqBw0h0MNFiZg20Fx80ufB5+7Z4mSC0ftoVc3vl945CXLoVZWIIBDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T16:58:17.348318Z","bundle_sha256":"b71294f902cf57e0e2dfb1a58320e6892cce655be80c7bcdc124a6ef9216fcaf"}}