{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S","short_pith_number":"pith:3HGBOUDY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.08190","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.PE","submitted_at":"2019-08-22T03:51:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.QM"],"title_canon_sha256":"261c44ecf3268517a082b51be467532a3d7a70e5c04606e26f397319a737de6c","abstract_canon_sha256":"a0f9060082dc3309d3eedc9aea1edf37fc5f9c127fc7dcd86fde053c2222b02e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d9cc17507814d3104c7bc6436c4c0adc8badd7fdacd49b14948dfc5b467d171a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.08190","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.08190","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.08190v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.08190","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3HGBOUDYCTJR","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3HGBOUDY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.08190","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.PE","submitted_at":"2019-08-22T03:51:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.QM"],"title_canon_sha256":"261c44ecf3268517a082b51be467532a3d7a70e5c04606e26f397319a737de6c","abstract_canon_sha256":"a0f9060082dc3309d3eedc9aea1edf37fc5f9c127fc7dcd86fde053c2222b02e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d9cc17507814d3104c7bc6436c4c0adc8badd7fdacd49b14948dfc5b467d171a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52.126863Z","signature_b64":"Xwt/VfdSvFAFhuyzstRnqeNMflcktc8zlDeBevNDmBts5TLLpNGTazyq+tDDNNaPvnkmThX9eOdcEjErtGGVAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d9cc17507814d3104c7bc6436c4c0adc8badd7fdacd49b14948dfc5b467d171a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52.126404Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52.126404Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.08190","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7977I6vkkDMB3PRY0B7Eori4S9LydupNU23bKBVQD7AwuTmkY5L6wcCPXEK36r3PTO/MVp5AsnoBPPbq0XIJCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T04:10:22.119768Z"},"content_sha256":"a9393ecd7721712c2ef07cea52c850220a5ae0af1aa0c16af98e75802c82d359","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a9393ecd7721712c2ef07cea52c850220a5ae0af1aa0c16af98e75802c82d359"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Diversity in Biology: definitions, quantification, and models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-bio.QM"],"primary_cat":"q-bio.PE","authors_text":"Lucas B\\\"ottcher, Song Xu, Tom Chou","submitted_at":"2019-08-22T03:51:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"Diversity indices are useful single-number metrics for characterizing a complex distribution of a set of attributes across a population of interest. The utility of these different metrics or sets of metrics depend on the context and application, and whether a predictive mechanistic model exists. In this topical review, we first summarize the relevant mathematical principles underlying heterogeneity in a large population before outlining the various definitions of `diversity' and providing examples of scientific topics in which its quantification plays an important role. We then review how dive"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.08190","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.08190/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"x2HzPkvZayPYMOwkeABgcUhl2jntuqoOF7KPccz7gcpqy44tm2E1xWWogXuy7cvG0BQuhV/3Sht3QBvk1aMaAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T04:10:22.120285Z"},"content_sha256":"f0a8ea763fa41c31a9fba530644a5f42758ac57b920bce27f50a2cbed238bdb9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f0a8ea763fa41c31a9fba530644a5f42758ac57b920bce27f50a2cbed238bdb9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T04:10:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3YZBWYTAK3S","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a0f9060082dc3309d3eedc9aea1edf37fc5f9c127fc7dcd86fde053c2222b02e","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.QM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.PE","submitted_at":"2019-08-22T03:51:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"261c44ecf3268517a082b51be467532a3d7a70e5c04606e26f397319a737de6c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.08190","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.08190","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.08190v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.08190","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3HGBOUDYCTJR","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3HGBOUDYCTJRATD3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3HGBOUDY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f0a8ea763fa41c31a9fba530644a5f42758ac57b920bce27f50a2cbed238bdb9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.08190/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Diversity indices are useful single-number metrics for characterizing a complex distribution of a set of attributes across a population of interest. The utility of these different metrics or sets of metrics depend on the context and application, and whether a predictive mechanistic model exists. In this topical review, we first summarize the relevant mathematical principles underlying heterogeneity in a large population before outlining the various definitions of `diversity' and providing examples of scientific topics in which its quantification plays an important role. We then review how dive","authors_text":"Lucas B\\\"ottcher, Song Xu, Tom Chou","cross_cats":["q-bio.QM"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.PE","submitted_at":"2019-08-22T03:51:50Z","title":"Diversity in Biology: definitions, quantification, and models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.08190","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a9393ecd7721712c2ef07cea52c850220a5ae0af1aa0c16af98e75802c82d359","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a0f9060082dc3309d3eedc9aea1edf37fc5f9c127fc7dcd86fde053c2222b02e","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.QM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.PE","submitted_at":"2019-08-22T03:51:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"261c44ecf3268517a082b51be467532a3d7a70e5c04606e26f397319a737de6c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.08190","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"d9cc17507814d3104c7bc6436c4c0adc8badd7fdacd49b14948dfc5b467d171a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d9cc17507814d3104c7bc6436c4c0adc8badd7fdacd49b14948dfc5b467d171a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52.126404Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52.126404Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Xwt/VfdSvFAFhuyzstRnqeNMflcktc8zlDeBevNDmBts5TLLpNGTazyq+tDDNNaPvnkmThX9eOdcEjErtGGVAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:45:52.126863Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.08190","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a9393ecd7721712c2ef07cea52c850220a5ae0af1aa0c16af98e75802c82d359","sha256:f0a8ea763fa41c31a9fba530644a5f42758ac57b920bce27f50a2cbed238bdb9"],"state_sha256":"4d0d80d691ea04c30a6f79b134076e463bad7ca66312789343db65ae7ca09f12"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mQNRA/VZ1afInp8b/Z75x/5hKFOuOEfMNTB+xm6iOOoJlOQSoVOh1CZVTGsjPGJx3DwgQZh1mZGbXY39zy0uDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T04:10:22.123558Z","bundle_sha256":"d80ef0d2655bc1b5054533dd9786fa29e3a39d72e9aa19b53a4569a3724e9b71"}}