{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF","short_pith_number":"pith:3IGRTKE5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2410.18270","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-23T20:41:51Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e16ae6f56b41db3d94707177ff01d9be2cf1da8271929d9c99d6ae75c219cc15","abstract_canon_sha256":"de042ba2132a8224932c24f7fb8a8b7742f3d1bd6514eee607dfd6990693c763"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"da0d19a89dcc95623877ea03b436ed4976f7d005729f3d5c71ccb305e04e1fa9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2410.18270","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2410.18270","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2410.18270v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.18270","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3IGRTKE5ZSKW","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3IGRTKE5","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2410.18270","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-23T20:41:51Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e16ae6f56b41db3d94707177ff01d9be2cf1da8271929d9c99d6ae75c219cc15","abstract_canon_sha256":"de042ba2132a8224932c24f7fb8a8b7742f3d1bd6514eee607dfd6990693c763"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"da0d19a89dcc95623877ea03b436ed4976f7d005729f3d5c71ccb305e04e1fa9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05.384063Z","signature_b64":"kzXH/R/bwBYtZjciUpEtLbIrA1mtYwq6ai5MDiJbo1oIU6D7mMBRTJjaPrFaJZlAiGgPLkPcNzc+78bpdHonDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"da0d19a89dcc95623877ea03b436ed4976f7d005729f3d5c71ccb305e04e1fa9","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05.383655Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05.383655Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2410.18270","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UswxZid3R3PWQ0E4lfZSQnSY2dwTV7A3qyz1xSnjhamWXtkJ4RegSlh+Pc54YB8z7hA/gneZLGJGMTq5guUNCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T02:58:23.881004Z"},"content_sha256":"ab4b04940a0f6838cecf46e17f944152b16b462c322463ba2d29c19a76f98c21","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ab4b04940a0f6838cecf46e17f944152b16b462c322463ba2d29c19a76f98c21"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Multilingual Hallucination Gaps in Large Language Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Afaf Ta\\\"ik, Cl\\'ea Chataigner, Golnoosh Farnadi","submitted_at":"2024-10-23T20:41:51Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as alternatives to traditional search engines given their capacity to generate text that resembles human language. However, this shift is concerning, as LLMs often generate hallucinations, misleading or false information that appears highly credible. In this study, we explore the phenomenon of hallucinations across multiple languages in freeform text generation, focusing on what we call multilingual hallucination gaps. These gaps reflect differences in the frequency of hallucinated answers depending on the prompt and language used. To quantify"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2410.18270","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2410.18270/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+IKsF2rnx3Blbqui2v4em0tkk2ofwo1tN7M3A17o3/kTrIlmpJjm3UDgY7f6Mia1se58Oqr5u7m0YPEL9ovLBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T02:58:23.881509Z"},"content_sha256":"3ea9953666399ce0fba53be9966989b9797d30f37e36c2f5700c6e8f21674cbe","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3ea9953666399ce0fba53be9966989b9797d30f37e36c2f5700c6e8f21674cbe"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T02:58:23Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX5IB3INXNJF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"de042ba2132a8224932c24f7fb8a8b7742f3d1bd6514eee607dfd6990693c763","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-23T20:41:51Z","title_canon_sha256":"e16ae6f56b41db3d94707177ff01d9be2cf1da8271929d9c99d6ae75c219cc15"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2410.18270","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2410.18270","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2410.18270v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.18270","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3IGRTKE5ZSKW","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3IGRTKE5ZSKWEODX","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3IGRTKE5","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3ea9953666399ce0fba53be9966989b9797d30f37e36c2f5700c6e8f21674cbe","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2410.18270/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as alternatives to traditional search engines given their capacity to generate text that resembles human language. However, this shift is concerning, as LLMs often generate hallucinations, misleading or false information that appears highly credible. In this study, we explore the phenomenon of hallucinations across multiple languages in freeform text generation, focusing on what we call multilingual hallucination gaps. These gaps reflect differences in the frequency of hallucinated answers depending on the prompt and language used. To quantify","authors_text":"Afaf Ta\\\"ik, Cl\\'ea Chataigner, Golnoosh Farnadi","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-23T20:41:51Z","title":"Multilingual Hallucination Gaps in Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2410.18270","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ab4b04940a0f6838cecf46e17f944152b16b462c322463ba2d29c19a76f98c21","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"de042ba2132a8224932c24f7fb8a8b7742f3d1bd6514eee607dfd6990693c763","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-23T20:41:51Z","title_canon_sha256":"e16ae6f56b41db3d94707177ff01d9be2cf1da8271929d9c99d6ae75c219cc15"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2410.18270","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"da0d19a89dcc95623877ea03b436ed4976f7d005729f3d5c71ccb305e04e1fa9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"da0d19a89dcc95623877ea03b436ed4976f7d005729f3d5c71ccb305e04e1fa9","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05.383655Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05.383655Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"kzXH/R/bwBYtZjciUpEtLbIrA1mtYwq6ai5MDiJbo1oIU6D7mMBRTJjaPrFaJZlAiGgPLkPcNzc+78bpdHonDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:05.384063Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2410.18270","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ab4b04940a0f6838cecf46e17f944152b16b462c322463ba2d29c19a76f98c21","sha256:3ea9953666399ce0fba53be9966989b9797d30f37e36c2f5700c6e8f21674cbe"],"state_sha256":"29ebd466e134720b975bb4d1d2a568aadb87fa6716058d4705ba89a18cfe01c5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"RKV7t1eAUtnHjCNoYTwW3zttACjJocJytS3BD9we0BES4hj+xljT+BuqhF3G02TifqUQQQfN2TdkP12GuscUDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T02:58:23.886404Z","bundle_sha256":"9f52c68e06f71572cb120f782995f57add908214ab0e81fd06a35a28953a075d"}}