{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM","short_pith_number":"pith:3JF2XZQ6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2305.16918","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-05-26T13:31:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"62dd1e85852a4f1e6a0b24fd4cfa4768499addb6a0cdbcc30732381e0479b23d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f9b8a818d1de71d1262cf222be219e3e29e89480cff23de31e00037f50112caa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"da4babe61edb3aad2d3968ff4dd10a431f90525b6a4d4511424eba90db646fe0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2305.16918","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2305.16918","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2305.16918v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2305.16918","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3JF2XZQ63M5K","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3JF2XZQ6","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2305.16918","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-05-26T13:31:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"62dd1e85852a4f1e6a0b24fd4cfa4768499addb6a0cdbcc30732381e0479b23d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f9b8a818d1de71d1262cf222be219e3e29e89480cff23de31e00037f50112caa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"da4babe61edb3aad2d3968ff4dd10a431f90525b6a4d4511424eba90db646fe0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12.764257Z","signature_b64":"vfwxymFYmlREb1eA+SWvlOHg7cUJaPoBKvW8Xhyf1kDOb1ZSDdYf8u9u9wqMNZXSenXBEd30Ayo9J/ATUqj2Dg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"da4babe61edb3aad2d3968ff4dd10a431f90525b6a4d4511424eba90db646fe0","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12.763755Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12.763755Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2305.16918","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aBVWIoVeB/MKh1aEKky7SVrIDtGhN4ZG0ADKk3xOLm5OBFVIOn0RoLrUBa0Rq59Tz//Z9hk1m4hUktxx0rrhCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T17:02:47.698370Z"},"content_sha256":"f86e80d5410167b326c0cc7bcaf44efc23c36a30a6b5d83262c21b68546067af","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f86e80d5410167b326c0cc7bcaf44efc23c36a30a6b5d83262c21b68546067af"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Confinement and Deconfinement in Gauge Theories: A Quantum Field Theory","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["hep-ph"],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"A. P. Balachandran","submitted_at":"2023-05-26T13:31:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"After a brief recount of small and large gauge transformations and the nature of observables, we discuss superselection sectors in gauge theories. There are an infinity of them, classified by large gauge transformations. Gauge theory sectors are labelled by the eigenvalues of a complete commuting set (CCS) of these transformations.\n  In QED, the standard chemical potential is one such operator generating global U(1). There are many more given by the moments of the electric field on the sphere at infinity. In QCD, the CCS are constructed from the two commuting generators spanning a Cartan subal"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2305.16918","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2305.16918/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4lGdZNvPO2WErmiDRY9fiMm/+KjCQlkWWcz574eqC4WUDRSAY0fyMXAfJEWLy3vHlrKgEyvk3ibil1BLuPiwBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T17:02:47.699219Z"},"content_sha256":"b59ebfd90ce16cd8aa086674a3e21e01396f8528a0000a859cd8aa3bfb28e743","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b59ebfd90ce16cd8aa086674a3e21e01396f8528a0000a859cd8aa3bfb28e743"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T17:02:47Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZND7U3UIKIM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f9b8a818d1de71d1262cf222be219e3e29e89480cff23de31e00037f50112caa","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-05-26T13:31:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"62dd1e85852a4f1e6a0b24fd4cfa4768499addb6a0cdbcc30732381e0479b23d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2305.16918","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2305.16918","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2305.16918v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2305.16918","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3JF2XZQ63M5K","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3JF2XZQ63M5K2LJZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3JF2XZQ6","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b59ebfd90ce16cd8aa086674a3e21e01396f8528a0000a859cd8aa3bfb28e743","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2305.16918/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"After a brief recount of small and large gauge transformations and the nature of observables, we discuss superselection sectors in gauge theories. There are an infinity of them, classified by large gauge transformations. Gauge theory sectors are labelled by the eigenvalues of a complete commuting set (CCS) of these transformations.\n  In QED, the standard chemical potential is one such operator generating global U(1). There are many more given by the moments of the electric field on the sphere at infinity. In QCD, the CCS are constructed from the two commuting generators spanning a Cartan subal","authors_text":"A. P. Balachandran","cross_cats":["hep-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-05-26T13:31:39Z","title":"Confinement and Deconfinement in Gauge Theories: A Quantum Field Theory"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2305.16918","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f86e80d5410167b326c0cc7bcaf44efc23c36a30a6b5d83262c21b68546067af","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f9b8a818d1de71d1262cf222be219e3e29e89480cff23de31e00037f50112caa","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-05-26T13:31:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"62dd1e85852a4f1e6a0b24fd4cfa4768499addb6a0cdbcc30732381e0479b23d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2305.16918","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"da4babe61edb3aad2d3968ff4dd10a431f90525b6a4d4511424eba90db646fe0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"da4babe61edb3aad2d3968ff4dd10a431f90525b6a4d4511424eba90db646fe0","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12.763755Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12.763755Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"vfwxymFYmlREb1eA+SWvlOHg7cUJaPoBKvW8Xhyf1kDOb1ZSDdYf8u9u9wqMNZXSenXBEd30Ayo9J/ATUqj2Dg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:56:12.764257Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2305.16918","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f86e80d5410167b326c0cc7bcaf44efc23c36a30a6b5d83262c21b68546067af","sha256:b59ebfd90ce16cd8aa086674a3e21e01396f8528a0000a859cd8aa3bfb28e743"],"state_sha256":"614451980658e0b889d6f9cd452441948bfcda7c8517b0f7680abaa86312fc0f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/EJwg0lXNbs3EWWWMz1MgrZbl8OdfDWbwu9aEFT+dFcJ0Vv2t+pCAb57vM3MANnQ5yuv6wK7c97Re72IBuRYDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T17:02:47.713976Z","bundle_sha256":"508d657e6442e04788117f3727ac3c2eede45c3e5c30d3bf13243ee6db1b520b"}}