{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD","short_pith_number":"pith:3LX4LEOT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2005.13855","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2020-05-28T09:10:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.HE"],"title_canon_sha256":"49caa22d5f601d1327ecfab90affaa1f295739038d719931710a1adfd0348930","abstract_canon_sha256":"a634e7e1bca2abaa9607d08a536c636ccb0990c6dfd9afb4668f3f940e977536"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"daefc591d3c06e112194955848f580c0f3956ce5b12b667979bd12c051e4afe5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2005.13855","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2005.13855","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2005.13855v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2005.13855","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3LX4LEOTYBXB","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMU","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3LX4LEOT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2005.13855","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2020-05-28T09:10:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.HE"],"title_canon_sha256":"49caa22d5f601d1327ecfab90affaa1f295739038d719931710a1adfd0348930","abstract_canon_sha256":"a634e7e1bca2abaa9607d08a536c636ccb0990c6dfd9afb4668f3f940e977536"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"daefc591d3c06e112194955848f580c0f3956ce5b12b667979bd12c051e4afe5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55.216887Z","signature_b64":"d0jkVgKUm9ri0rBOxZwxZYdFdykzaJxTt+o340rXIO8D/XiFEtVdS0t9gAwNkPq8N6cERwot0lFwrXa0524vCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"daefc591d3c06e112194955848f580c0f3956ce5b12b667979bd12c051e4afe5","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55.216419Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55.216419Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2005.13855","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7yLBNM30Ib3LQJWNvdGBFPi7m23muvtmrnkpKGLhUgXxF2WlcuZ8b2yh8MU346gy2zhcTTWuglgq+LOqpREMDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T07:03:39.318277Z"},"content_sha256":"4c840b0cd848bd02f4b3109dea3213b53790098e8af31618f8d3cdceace41364","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4c840b0cd848bd02f4b3109dea3213b53790098e8af31618f8d3cdceace41364"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On `On the Red Supergiant Problem': a rebuttal, and a consensus on the upper mass cutoff for II-P progenitors","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.HE"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","authors_text":"Ben Davies, Emma Beasor","submitted_at":"2020-05-28T09:10:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"The `Red Supergiant Problem' describes the claim that the brightest Red Supergiant (RSG) progenitors to type II-P supernovae are significantly fainter than RSGs in the field. This mismatch has been interpreted by several authors as being a manifestation of the mass threshold for the production of black holes (BHs), such that stars with initial masses above a cutoff of $M_{\\rm hi}=17$M$_\\odot$ and below 25$M_\\odot$ will die as RSGs, but with no visible SN explosion as the BH is formed. However, we have previously cautioned that this cutoff is more likely to be higher and has large uncertainties"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2005.13855","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2005.13855/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"P9irvVpfqmqtyq5/7xBKfVwSBX1AhfgIw1DhGa5J31bLFFSiOJun8nf5eGfnjR9Wjvv6XnqJPlAmjZ8rkUemAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T07:03:39.318656Z"},"content_sha256":"f5f20240c13c26412f700d957e1b2969125fbf8c047322c5e31e6a054b0d38d1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f5f20240c13c26412f700d957e1b2969125fbf8c047322c5e31e6a054b0d38d1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-23T07:03:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMUSVMER5MAYD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a634e7e1bca2abaa9607d08a536c636ccb0990c6dfd9afb4668f3f940e977536","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.HE"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2020-05-28T09:10:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"49caa22d5f601d1327ecfab90affaa1f295739038d719931710a1adfd0348930"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2005.13855","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2005.13855","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2005.13855v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2005.13855","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3LX4LEOTYBXB","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3LX4LEOTYBXBCIMU","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3LX4LEOT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f5f20240c13c26412f700d957e1b2969125fbf8c047322c5e31e6a054b0d38d1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2005.13855/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The `Red Supergiant Problem' describes the claim that the brightest Red Supergiant (RSG) progenitors to type II-P supernovae are significantly fainter than RSGs in the field. This mismatch has been interpreted by several authors as being a manifestation of the mass threshold for the production of black holes (BHs), such that stars with initial masses above a cutoff of $M_{\\rm hi}=17$M$_\\odot$ and below 25$M_\\odot$ will die as RSGs, but with no visible SN explosion as the BH is formed. However, we have previously cautioned that this cutoff is more likely to be higher and has large uncertainties","authors_text":"Ben Davies, Emma Beasor","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.HE"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2020-05-28T09:10:37Z","title":"On `On the Red Supergiant Problem': a rebuttal, and a consensus on the upper mass cutoff for II-P progenitors"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2005.13855","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4c840b0cd848bd02f4b3109dea3213b53790098e8af31618f8d3cdceace41364","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a634e7e1bca2abaa9607d08a536c636ccb0990c6dfd9afb4668f3f940e977536","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.HE"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2020-05-28T09:10:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"49caa22d5f601d1327ecfab90affaa1f295739038d719931710a1adfd0348930"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2005.13855","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"daefc591d3c06e112194955848f580c0f3956ce5b12b667979bd12c051e4afe5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"daefc591d3c06e112194955848f580c0f3956ce5b12b667979bd12c051e4afe5","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55.216419Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55.216419Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"d0jkVgKUm9ri0rBOxZwxZYdFdykzaJxTt+o340rXIO8D/XiFEtVdS0t9gAwNkPq8N6cERwot0lFwrXa0524vCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:08:55.216887Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2005.13855","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4c840b0cd848bd02f4b3109dea3213b53790098e8af31618f8d3cdceace41364","sha256:f5f20240c13c26412f700d957e1b2969125fbf8c047322c5e31e6a054b0d38d1"],"state_sha256":"9f5254d008b3e7a5999dfbf4ceb2aec1b93eb291b02a65047b8126f85d7d3165"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0JQyQ9NENw0FmzplpZup1VqcwUvaWRXWfFK4Bag3C9TP0LA+KLF9ebpqs+hN8L77LwDIMZA6W3gAyhvdRqYZCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T07:03:39.321248Z","bundle_sha256":"9b6f8711ee02f95910397b7b003266c1c0531c6708c71959d22f1d4d806e0ae7"}}