{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN","short_pith_number":"pith:3N2L6Z3H","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1108.0871","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-03T15:41:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"011019c92cf8b9867c0ceb2783e131b32890ac29d550c36a1d86b59d914b3682","abstract_canon_sha256":"b96ed655a9b48ce338d264045b7ae624623c24392b56190ba3c68f45782409ce"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"db74bf6767d212dcea48ba27bbbefe3b7cca8baae711b34c42d1b2f1635f73d3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1108.0871","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1108.0871","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1108.0871v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1108.0871","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3N2L6Z3H2IJN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3N2L6Z3H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1108.0871","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-03T15:41:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"011019c92cf8b9867c0ceb2783e131b32890ac29d550c36a1d86b59d914b3682","abstract_canon_sha256":"b96ed655a9b48ce338d264045b7ae624623c24392b56190ba3c68f45782409ce"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"db74bf6767d212dcea48ba27bbbefe3b7cca8baae711b34c42d1b2f1635f73d3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03.503510Z","signature_b64":"l6g2bzqCM0jDaEYwIVlIAnueJ/NODFYlq27CglWfre8VvYwv/NBDQEA0v9GThiMYRCBFXzzMkr1WilVFNSZ0Dw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"db74bf6767d212dcea48ba27bbbefe3b7cca8baae711b34c42d1b2f1635f73d3","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03.502827Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03.502827Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1108.0871","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jFN5AEk+2h+fKNokAZs137UKgNRjnsrbsx2HvRuxhETITh8JIWUMMqtVFNw3cAIptXWBJQHy0B0zf+O0o+FvCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T18:41:49.256217Z"},"content_sha256":"14a5c4e3126b85dad09a2a84af56d16503cdd8d0cdcd87d7e048a36790855241","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:14a5c4e3126b85dad09a2a84af56d16503cdd8d0cdcd87d7e048a36790855241"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Desalination shocks in microstructures","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.chem-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Ali Mani, Martin Z. Bazant (MIT)","submitted_at":"2011-08-03T15:41:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"Salt transport in bulk electrolytes is limited by diffusion and convection, but in microstructures with charged surfaces (e.g. microfluidic devices, porous media, soils, or biological tissues) surface conduction and electro-osmotic flow also contribute to ionic fluxes. For small applied voltages, these effects lead to well known linear electrokinetic phenomena. In this paper, we predict some surprising nonlinear dynamics that can result from the competition between bulk and interfacial transport at higher voltages. When counter-ions are selectively removed by a membrane or electrode, a \"desali"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1108.0871","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5YLOsQOfggvCWYl754BtJWo2F1t7mRlTRxAmsnwKIINRHzE8ccXE3AEFe4oLF/lMruJ+4AP9dvnS7t9ayNowCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T18:41:49.256581Z"},"content_sha256":"973df0f4a62686233a2b1f6c630cbeb7f39c76b5becb49053f29eff2bbb98143","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:973df0f4a62686233a2b1f6c630cbeb7f39c76b5becb49053f29eff2bbb98143"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T18:41:49Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SIXIT3XPX6HN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b96ed655a9b48ce338d264045b7ae624623c24392b56190ba3c68f45782409ce","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-03T15:41:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"011019c92cf8b9867c0ceb2783e131b32890ac29d550c36a1d86b59d914b3682"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1108.0871","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1108.0871","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1108.0871v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1108.0871","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3N2L6Z3H2IJN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3N2L6Z3H2IJNZ2SI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3N2L6Z3H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:973df0f4a62686233a2b1f6c630cbeb7f39c76b5becb49053f29eff2bbb98143","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Salt transport in bulk electrolytes is limited by diffusion and convection, but in microstructures with charged surfaces (e.g. microfluidic devices, porous media, soils, or biological tissues) surface conduction and electro-osmotic flow also contribute to ionic fluxes. For small applied voltages, these effects lead to well known linear electrokinetic phenomena. In this paper, we predict some surprising nonlinear dynamics that can result from the competition between bulk and interfacial transport at higher voltages. When counter-ions are selectively removed by a membrane or electrode, a \"desali","authors_text":"Ali Mani, Martin Z. Bazant (MIT)","cross_cats":["physics.chem-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-03T15:41:00Z","title":"Desalination shocks in microstructures"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1108.0871","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:14a5c4e3126b85dad09a2a84af56d16503cdd8d0cdcd87d7e048a36790855241","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b96ed655a9b48ce338d264045b7ae624623c24392b56190ba3c68f45782409ce","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-03T15:41:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"011019c92cf8b9867c0ceb2783e131b32890ac29d550c36a1d86b59d914b3682"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1108.0871","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"db74bf6767d212dcea48ba27bbbefe3b7cca8baae711b34c42d1b2f1635f73d3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"db74bf6767d212dcea48ba27bbbefe3b7cca8baae711b34c42d1b2f1635f73d3","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03.502827Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03.502827Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"l6g2bzqCM0jDaEYwIVlIAnueJ/NODFYlq27CglWfre8VvYwv/NBDQEA0v9GThiMYRCBFXzzMkr1WilVFNSZ0Dw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:01:03.503510Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1108.0871","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:14a5c4e3126b85dad09a2a84af56d16503cdd8d0cdcd87d7e048a36790855241","sha256:973df0f4a62686233a2b1f6c630cbeb7f39c76b5becb49053f29eff2bbb98143"],"state_sha256":"128dc1bc280fa1f09cf486eb52fd5bc7b5ab8e5da0a002448c380c9becc716b0"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"O3dYgMTBHGN4zc9bp8LIjg7gKIvI7TyouDwhBsjKaSOi2tP3NKRbregu7Et0suVwI1mGnE7rhAPFUqS3cOy7Dg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T18:41:49.258564Z","bundle_sha256":"a4d5700baffd260c10c0b14e1825a6bcd47caf031edc3a2b452a0f0813653a6d"}}