{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH","short_pith_number":"pith:3OEAVVHO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2109.05872","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-09-13T11:15:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"8b36346f90a111c8939e6239e2ca8630b05391fd41e5baaa940f878b9c58b414","abstract_canon_sha256":"fe5c3dddf5c8ce209e05b4fc18502fb6a7793f57ddf6c9c8803b63aa4da0991a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"db880ad4eefcdcb09fb7618b4194a849d865b84f5a44124cd0b7f03a232a4b18","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2109.05872","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2109.05872","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2109.05872v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2109.05872","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3OEAVVHO7TOL","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5X","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3OEAVVHO","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2109.05872","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-09-13T11:15:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"8b36346f90a111c8939e6239e2ca8630b05391fd41e5baaa940f878b9c58b414","abstract_canon_sha256":"fe5c3dddf5c8ce209e05b4fc18502fb6a7793f57ddf6c9c8803b63aa4da0991a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"db880ad4eefcdcb09fb7618b4194a849d865b84f5a44124cd0b7f03a232a4b18","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25.074060Z","signature_b64":"niIwYmnUEw0sGvQuvW5fXcY464+er208QGhnJQbI+7pAB6a8FvZUYv6hm/O4ujztL7lTRd968KBxNTi+4zYZDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"db880ad4eefcdcb09fb7618b4194a849d865b84f5a44124cd0b7f03a232a4b18","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25.073653Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25.073653Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2109.05872","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Hkmt9M5+1O32Pc5P4LFHhlQsBRo4L4TBpDUF/rYk3CyDDtyy4/xDitwOgfnBKQqg8h5ZgX0Vf/B4gaw76xz3AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T02:31:07.036176Z"},"content_sha256":"ce713843bacbfc1d671499be58c4188e0529eaf8b96f0e0ee2536f57a06815a4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ce713843bacbfc1d671499be58c4188e0529eaf8b96f0e0ee2536f57a06815a4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Byzantine-robust Federated Learning through Collaborative Malicious Gradient Filtering","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CR","cs.DC"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Jian Xu, Linqi Song, Shao-Lun Huang, Tian Lan","submitted_at":"2021-09-13T11:15:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"Gradient-based training in federated learning is known to be vulnerable to faulty/malicious clients, which are often modeled as Byzantine clients. To this end, previous work either makes use of auxiliary data at parameter server to verify the received gradients (e.g., by computing validation error rate) or leverages statistic-based methods (e.g. median and Krum) to identify and remove malicious gradients from Byzantine clients. In this paper, we remark that auxiliary data may not always be available in practice and focus on the statistic-based approach. However, recent work on model poisoning "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2109.05872","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2109.05872/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"j9GBXlcjhCb2uPdFDBplZWg+PXT7xbY23SRKfvEs1En28cv0pWHZeewAFfAv0zMRjsGrFNcoOSeV/dGyIpLUCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T02:31:07.036718Z"},"content_sha256":"3ee4a1a1e757637911a9f5b43cb898b5963d0c8ee2d0ac1415a546474020dfdc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3ee4a1a1e757637911a9f5b43cb898b5963d0c8ee2d0ac1415a546474020dfdc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T02:31:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5XMGFUDFFIJH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fe5c3dddf5c8ce209e05b4fc18502fb6a7793f57ddf6c9c8803b63aa4da0991a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-09-13T11:15:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"8b36346f90a111c8939e6239e2ca8630b05391fd41e5baaa940f878b9c58b414"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2109.05872","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2109.05872","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2109.05872v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2109.05872","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3OEAVVHO7TOL","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3OEAVVHO7TOLBH5X","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3OEAVVHO","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3ee4a1a1e757637911a9f5b43cb898b5963d0c8ee2d0ac1415a546474020dfdc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2109.05872/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Gradient-based training in federated learning is known to be vulnerable to faulty/malicious clients, which are often modeled as Byzantine clients. To this end, previous work either makes use of auxiliary data at parameter server to verify the received gradients (e.g., by computing validation error rate) or leverages statistic-based methods (e.g. median and Krum) to identify and remove malicious gradients from Byzantine clients. In this paper, we remark that auxiliary data may not always be available in practice and focus on the statistic-based approach. However, recent work on model poisoning ","authors_text":"Jian Xu, Linqi Song, Shao-Lun Huang, Tian Lan","cross_cats":["cs.CR","cs.DC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-09-13T11:15:15Z","title":"Byzantine-robust Federated Learning through Collaborative Malicious Gradient Filtering"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2109.05872","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ce713843bacbfc1d671499be58c4188e0529eaf8b96f0e0ee2536f57a06815a4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fe5c3dddf5c8ce209e05b4fc18502fb6a7793f57ddf6c9c8803b63aa4da0991a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-09-13T11:15:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"8b36346f90a111c8939e6239e2ca8630b05391fd41e5baaa940f878b9c58b414"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2109.05872","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"db880ad4eefcdcb09fb7618b4194a849d865b84f5a44124cd0b7f03a232a4b18","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"db880ad4eefcdcb09fb7618b4194a849d865b84f5a44124cd0b7f03a232a4b18","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25.073653Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25.073653Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"niIwYmnUEw0sGvQuvW5fXcY464+er208QGhnJQbI+7pAB6a8FvZUYv6hm/O4ujztL7lTRd968KBxNTi+4zYZDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:05:25.074060Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2109.05872","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ce713843bacbfc1d671499be58c4188e0529eaf8b96f0e0ee2536f57a06815a4","sha256:3ee4a1a1e757637911a9f5b43cb898b5963d0c8ee2d0ac1415a546474020dfdc"],"state_sha256":"50bd82abe1c6ff7a5497293ce42dbf4717fbd1edca1d58a4d9ccb9a9363981b7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"z05Stc7BaMbPwo2mEqNpJ1lGA3tDE6mLt3o5wU5b4hkxRxQcs/cbVQe0TQmulPt/VhWfUQmjU3JAh3qu/8kVAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T02:31:07.040574Z","bundle_sha256":"0a5be8269dc8b2a59c5b6dd83e05e785ca8bcb2462baed0c85240e4644a4d791"}}