{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV","short_pith_number":"pith:3OMQPNJ7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.16409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-10-30T17:55:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"f7b0956052ab21d586770f1c550a2672afa426a5fd5513cddce9f077a523925c","abstract_canon_sha256":"1d3fa4dd881e6bd5712b4f978b1886786bf4efb6d5550a177f4bd5176455a8b7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"db9907b53ff869b531b89af0bd262f2d502dd568e185ee155b1a984cbde4be39","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2010.16409","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.16409","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.16409v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.16409","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3OMQPNJ77BU3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNY","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3OMQPNJ7","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.16409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-10-30T17:55:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"f7b0956052ab21d586770f1c550a2672afa426a5fd5513cddce9f077a523925c","abstract_canon_sha256":"1d3fa4dd881e6bd5712b4f978b1886786bf4efb6d5550a177f4bd5176455a8b7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"db9907b53ff869b531b89af0bd262f2d502dd568e185ee155b1a984cbde4be39","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53.225254Z","signature_b64":"8De1kVmK0aZfCWAKgYBy3B9yx1lF77/UCW6LJmLnOTKy6wVCvy8+bYM51F0hL3JCiCFAGyHjGrRsc3w4izX/DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"db9907b53ff869b531b89af0bd262f2d502dd568e185ee155b1a984cbde4be39","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53.224912Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53.224912Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2010.16409","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rn4jNj3VRQQFepguHb9YerEpfKMQQnx7f8nH7xveMY8k0QpsKPF2yf4WhEXxjbAgUv6dAxt+J/kRovXlDmrYCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T01:07:15.067603Z"},"content_sha256":"e34ce4ed11260f6860e8b261cfbb2e5f5754c718cc8172a4c9b752eea2fc1ed8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e34ce4ed11260f6860e8b261cfbb2e5f5754c718cc8172a4c9b752eea2fc1ed8"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Inherent Trade-offs in the Fair Allocation of Treatments","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Keith Burghardt, Kristina Lerman, Siyi Guo, Yuzi He","submitted_at":"2020-10-30T17:55:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"Explicit and implicit bias clouds human judgement, leading to discriminatory treatment of minority groups. A fundamental goal of algorithmic fairness is to avoid the pitfalls in human judgement by learning policies that improve the overall outcomes while providing fair treatment to protected classes. In this paper, we propose a causal framework that learns optimal intervention policies from data subject to fairness constraints. We define two measures of treatment bias and infer best treatment assignment that minimizes the bias while optimizing overall outcome. We demonstrate that there is a di"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.16409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2010.16409/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gmJ4VFr541IKqr7md3dbYa2q5+wvPDwXK5e6/DEKjOUzK1aw462oyItgLHnftfgfVOAc4Q3SqC5xbB5DK1m/Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T01:07:15.068105Z"},"content_sha256":"75940c0ad9cde89ac860db4706244a0841e2c3520445a79aaa8db4d9eb5a5344","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:75940c0ad9cde89ac860db4706244a0841e2c3520445a79aaa8db4d9eb5a5344"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T01:07:15Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNYTLYL2JRPFV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1d3fa4dd881e6bd5712b4f978b1886786bf4efb6d5550a177f4bd5176455a8b7","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-10-30T17:55:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"f7b0956052ab21d586770f1c550a2672afa426a5fd5513cddce9f077a523925c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.16409","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.16409","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.16409v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.16409","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3OMQPNJ77BU3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3OMQPNJ77BU3KMNY","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3OMQPNJ7","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:75940c0ad9cde89ac860db4706244a0841e2c3520445a79aaa8db4d9eb5a5344","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2010.16409/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Explicit and implicit bias clouds human judgement, leading to discriminatory treatment of minority groups. A fundamental goal of algorithmic fairness is to avoid the pitfalls in human judgement by learning policies that improve the overall outcomes while providing fair treatment to protected classes. In this paper, we propose a causal framework that learns optimal intervention policies from data subject to fairness constraints. We define two measures of treatment bias and infer best treatment assignment that minimizes the bias while optimizing overall outcome. We demonstrate that there is a di","authors_text":"Keith Burghardt, Kristina Lerman, Siyi Guo, Yuzi He","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-10-30T17:55:00Z","title":"Inherent Trade-offs in the Fair Allocation of Treatments"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.16409","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e34ce4ed11260f6860e8b261cfbb2e5f5754c718cc8172a4c9b752eea2fc1ed8","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1d3fa4dd881e6bd5712b4f978b1886786bf4efb6d5550a177f4bd5176455a8b7","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-10-30T17:55:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"f7b0956052ab21d586770f1c550a2672afa426a5fd5513cddce9f077a523925c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.16409","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"db9907b53ff869b531b89af0bd262f2d502dd568e185ee155b1a984cbde4be39","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"db9907b53ff869b531b89af0bd262f2d502dd568e185ee155b1a984cbde4be39","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53.224912Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53.224912Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"8De1kVmK0aZfCWAKgYBy3B9yx1lF77/UCW6LJmLnOTKy6wVCvy8+bYM51F0hL3JCiCFAGyHjGrRsc3w4izX/DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:47:53.225254Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2010.16409","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e34ce4ed11260f6860e8b261cfbb2e5f5754c718cc8172a4c9b752eea2fc1ed8","sha256:75940c0ad9cde89ac860db4706244a0841e2c3520445a79aaa8db4d9eb5a5344"],"state_sha256":"37b24ac73595fb19b49cf6f2383474fba2ca0d56aa96454e070c665ea605a31d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AgIswaOqw49vHNGX44CXeDjfGGbpX+mHq1B+fGcaaGOspZCAHuhArSXKuRlXq3/Jq+oMaynHckIfirY6XgOnDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T01:07:15.071852Z","bundle_sha256":"72aaa4b2388ad9db70b370cb0959a1e42ff02228929bcc915ba37495862403e5"}}