{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF","short_pith_number":"pith:3QXZROZV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1709.05255","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T15:09:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"title_canon_sha256":"fbac960068ff939d8f12be03f0d35a7e342c80a0ef2b27b72b2e70a1a8cdebcf","abstract_canon_sha256":"1dcc5622c504dab4d171804a8f86abfaa70d5eeb98011ba1baed6f467fea9722"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"dc2f98bb35ab18f45b01530ceedda339642da08622d34b063d6fc6e8ebcdedce","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1709.05255","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1709.05255","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1709.05255v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1709.05255","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3QXZROZVVMMP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3QXZROZVVMMPIWYB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3QXZROZV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1709.05255","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T15:09:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"title_canon_sha256":"fbac960068ff939d8f12be03f0d35a7e342c80a0ef2b27b72b2e70a1a8cdebcf","abstract_canon_sha256":"1dcc5622c504dab4d171804a8f86abfaa70d5eeb98011ba1baed6f467fea9722"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"dc2f98bb35ab18f45b01530ceedda339642da08622d34b063d6fc6e8ebcdedce","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59.511458Z","signature_b64":"/d1bdLUEcF5m6HmxV2uSCPp6E3AvsOkJWMhY14AeyF9fHWufsnFS7yQAgNzsTU6WG4Jkuqo6cFDpIhfrT2CcBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"dc2f98bb35ab18f45b01530ceedda339642da08622d34b063d6fc6e8ebcdedce","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59.511062Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59.511062Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1709.05255","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"btECvePx/gnOOeWNfMM4OgF9exlLNmLm7z3P9lRAvvZfMjEKl3xeOCTXXFpIh7UExfgsUnT56sbEStHQ3exwCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T11:07:56.184147Z"},"content_sha256":"19dc2c67e0baa388952a42fa9c14cb792a6b7c0b9dad3ed93500efcaf012d51e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:19dc2c67e0baa388952a42fa9c14cb792a6b7c0b9dad3ed93500efcaf012d51e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"An item response theory evaluation of the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory national data set","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"Colin S. Wallace, Edward E. Prather, Timothy G. Chambers","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T15:09:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper presents the first item response theory (IRT) analysis of the national data set on introductory, general education, college-level astronomy teaching using the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory (LSCI). We used the difference between students' pre- and post-instruction IRT-estimated abilities as a measure of learning gain. This analysis provides deeper insights than prior publications into both the LSCI as an instrument and into the effectiveness of teaching and learning in introductory astronomy courses. Our IRT analysis supports the classical test theory findings of prior stu"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1709.05255","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yGqNwtxY1v7dZvGB7jLl/HmbURSh8j6OdxR0+hbtQ+rEtpXmFcrizE/G1VBDhm0PoofYNx8lqM6kMKXWKXQ4AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T11:07:56.184514Z"},"content_sha256":"b33e7bbb547a6d8aaa23cec1a4db1b3c894b49732f10d5173c9c890527725116","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b33e7bbb547a6d8aaa23cec1a4db1b3c894b49732f10d5173c9c890527725116"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-11T11:07:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:3QXZROZVVMMPIWYBKMGO5XNDHF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1dcc5622c504dab4d171804a8f86abfaa70d5eeb98011ba1baed6f467fea9722","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T15:09:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"fbac960068ff939d8f12be03f0d35a7e342c80a0ef2b27b72b2e70a1a8cdebcf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1709.05255","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1709.05255","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1709.05255v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1709.05255","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3QXZROZVVMMP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3QXZROZVVMMPIWYB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3QXZROZV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b33e7bbb547a6d8aaa23cec1a4db1b3c894b49732f10d5173c9c890527725116","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper presents the first item response theory (IRT) analysis of the national data set on introductory, general education, college-level astronomy teaching using the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory (LSCI). We used the difference between students' pre- and post-instruction IRT-estimated abilities as a measure of learning gain. This analysis provides deeper insights than prior publications into both the LSCI as an instrument and into the effectiveness of teaching and learning in introductory astronomy courses. Our IRT analysis supports the classical test theory findings of prior stu","authors_text":"Colin S. Wallace, Edward E. Prather, Timothy G. Chambers","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T15:09:10Z","title":"An item response theory evaluation of the Light and Spectroscopy Concept Inventory national data set"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1709.05255","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:19dc2c67e0baa388952a42fa9c14cb792a6b7c0b9dad3ed93500efcaf012d51e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1dcc5622c504dab4d171804a8f86abfaa70d5eeb98011ba1baed6f467fea9722","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T15:09:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"fbac960068ff939d8f12be03f0d35a7e342c80a0ef2b27b72b2e70a1a8cdebcf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1709.05255","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"dc2f98bb35ab18f45b01530ceedda339642da08622d34b063d6fc6e8ebcdedce","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"dc2f98bb35ab18f45b01530ceedda339642da08622d34b063d6fc6e8ebcdedce","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59.511062Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59.511062Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"/d1bdLUEcF5m6HmxV2uSCPp6E3AvsOkJWMhY14AeyF9fHWufsnFS7yQAgNzsTU6WG4Jkuqo6cFDpIhfrT2CcBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:59.511458Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1709.05255","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:19dc2c67e0baa388952a42fa9c14cb792a6b7c0b9dad3ed93500efcaf012d51e","sha256:b33e7bbb547a6d8aaa23cec1a4db1b3c894b49732f10d5173c9c890527725116"],"state_sha256":"8d11320791205ca98dc5049932976469ec0749d1e216efaaf7cd94dc44e39cdf"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lK0sOPRcqNOlQLj4ICNe09jA6A/Oh4yqz6FZWjNbo2OG5spU95WvNASohgZ3UIINQdJVcbKuPYRZSvzVpW2oAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T11:07:56.186545Z","bundle_sha256":"28919bb8242a753ebcf30495b4cdd249a33951960bbd25cf827d49c98daf4fc5"}}