{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3","short_pith_number":"pith:3USGZAJJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.19170","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-26T14:26:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"583838778ce8f87b533cc477ab23ca2293242e61838de2bc306ad19d4b997d2c","abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e96fadeaa844f80aa82f14851b26099f13ee21145fedc5bec424bec331b48e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"dd246c81299aa7dd169b3570e700cdb6d0b193c6af844b551d41ecd6438d5d24","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2502.19170","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.19170","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.19170v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.19170","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3USGZAJJTKT5","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3USGZAJJTKT52FU3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3USGZAJJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.19170","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-26T14:26:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"583838778ce8f87b533cc477ab23ca2293242e61838de2bc306ad19d4b997d2c","abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e96fadeaa844f80aa82f14851b26099f13ee21145fedc5bec424bec331b48e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"dd246c81299aa7dd169b3570e700cdb6d0b193c6af844b551d41ecd6438d5d24","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37.019077Z","signature_b64":"ba8C7reDPSk/OiOBdOCeAVsVe0KpEEeHpfFkMwAczmbzAFsyovePSwKEDT6MZQS5SFgKNF/rnnHQujQLPslsBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"dd246c81299aa7dd169b3570e700cdb6d0b193c6af844b551d41ecd6438d5d24","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37.018062Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37.018062Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2502.19170","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"C6ItsfgFVTSkycvXX9frP/mdp4Yytlt1pj/S+wv5UPNfGOpmnyO7w8bjbTGQvPa9SCI4Tcee2VRhXOf6hsLaAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-26T08:00:32.891648Z"},"content_sha256":"9b0539f00d9f4377507128ef513e25ae6dadc0dbd464e049266b02028062533c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9b0539f00d9f4377507128ef513e25ae6dadc0dbd464e049266b02028062533c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On the Byzantine Fault Tolerance of signSGD with Majority Vote","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"El-Mahdi El-Mhamdi, Emanuele Mengoli, Luzius Moll, Virgilio Strozzi","submitted_at":"2025-02-26T14:26:33Z","abstract_excerpt":"In distributed learning, sign-based compression algorithms such as signSGD with majority vote provide a lightweight alternative to SGD with an additional advantage: fault tolerance (almost) for free. However, for signSGD with majority vote, this fault tolerance has been shown to cover only the case of weaker adversaries, i.e., ones that are not omniscient or cannot collude to base their attack on common knowledge and strategy. In this work, we close this gap and provide new insights into how signSGD with majority vote can be resilient against omniscient and colluding adversaries, which craft a"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.19170","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2502.19170/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7LJ0kLkBnypNArSdcEzcuId5o09zZeupj0IyORX527chZ2lZNpaOah1Vd9D6Uz08z2AnJIJumeTOpP5J47xyCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-26T08:00:32.892031Z"},"content_sha256":"ab98cf147a22cde9bdaafd6b3ac54770834ab09130d7656e36d31f255ee5ab3e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ab98cf147a22cde9bdaafd6b3ac54770834ab09130d7656e36d31f255ee5ab3e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-26T08:00:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:3USGZAJJTKT52FU3GVYOOAGNW3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e96fadeaa844f80aa82f14851b26099f13ee21145fedc5bec424bec331b48e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-26T14:26:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"583838778ce8f87b533cc477ab23ca2293242e61838de2bc306ad19d4b997d2c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.19170","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.19170","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.19170v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.19170","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3USGZAJJTKT5","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3USGZAJJTKT52FU3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3USGZAJJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ab98cf147a22cde9bdaafd6b3ac54770834ab09130d7656e36d31f255ee5ab3e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2502.19170/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In distributed learning, sign-based compression algorithms such as signSGD with majority vote provide a lightweight alternative to SGD with an additional advantage: fault tolerance (almost) for free. However, for signSGD with majority vote, this fault tolerance has been shown to cover only the case of weaker adversaries, i.e., ones that are not omniscient or cannot collude to base their attack on common knowledge and strategy. In this work, we close this gap and provide new insights into how signSGD with majority vote can be resilient against omniscient and colluding adversaries, which craft a","authors_text":"El-Mahdi El-Mhamdi, Emanuele Mengoli, Luzius Moll, Virgilio Strozzi","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-26T14:26:33Z","title":"On the Byzantine Fault Tolerance of signSGD with Majority Vote"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.19170","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9b0539f00d9f4377507128ef513e25ae6dadc0dbd464e049266b02028062533c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e96fadeaa844f80aa82f14851b26099f13ee21145fedc5bec424bec331b48e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-26T14:26:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"583838778ce8f87b533cc477ab23ca2293242e61838de2bc306ad19d4b997d2c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.19170","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"dd246c81299aa7dd169b3570e700cdb6d0b193c6af844b551d41ecd6438d5d24","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"dd246c81299aa7dd169b3570e700cdb6d0b193c6af844b551d41ecd6438d5d24","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37.018062Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37.018062Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ba8C7reDPSk/OiOBdOCeAVsVe0KpEEeHpfFkMwAczmbzAFsyovePSwKEDT6MZQS5SFgKNF/rnnHQujQLPslsBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:28:37.019077Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2502.19170","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9b0539f00d9f4377507128ef513e25ae6dadc0dbd464e049266b02028062533c","sha256:ab98cf147a22cde9bdaafd6b3ac54770834ab09130d7656e36d31f255ee5ab3e"],"state_sha256":"d60ed50228283de514313b12d934af609e158ece5cea30bc563c7fb64e4a767d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jgPw/dMhffo7ODl3deZugor1XvkeIMsUbpi3BRxd1NtqH/AnIQmIc6mSShVSqa+3zMBxVSoBB9PsbIf6nejFCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-26T08:00:32.894561Z","bundle_sha256":"47cd836182066e317a885c79136a5c76addbaf11718f325f654ab57f9ca3e63b"}}