{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7","short_pith_number":"pith:3WCJ3ZMV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.10577","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-21T21:17:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE"],"title_canon_sha256":"3a4f685ca634f51d24d4493a8a002a45f35506a22b723cdc3d5cbca97d239da7","abstract_canon_sha256":"c523c7845fea53a5e3224636649e79e8e98929e0e7cc41c4165b192dba6e8cd8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"dd849de59538ba7f1e3517cfc8338327d32f17fb814aeefb62febfc3318d7325","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2105.10577","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.10577","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.10577v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.10577","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3WCJ3ZMVHC5H","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRV","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3WCJ3ZMV","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.10577","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-21T21:17:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE"],"title_canon_sha256":"3a4f685ca634f51d24d4493a8a002a45f35506a22b723cdc3d5cbca97d239da7","abstract_canon_sha256":"c523c7845fea53a5e3224636649e79e8e98929e0e7cc41c4165b192dba6e8cd8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"dd849de59538ba7f1e3517cfc8338327d32f17fb814aeefb62febfc3318d7325","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15.922877Z","signature_b64":"luNVyERR5IIptmvH+NL1ruE1NiuYdt4IRxcQGQNpksBT+PpWdXMhhILPW0NuuHlBDFX0jG6F0Fyi9dp3gx1oAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"dd849de59538ba7f1e3517cfc8338327d32f17fb814aeefb62febfc3318d7325","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15.922527Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15.922527Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2105.10577","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9eENriIQf8l5zcr7wNUY6rnmv7KezVePqUkVXB80+8q+NdlZNkTHlbF4xMRrp0xzGqRK/IGfnhwaEbvfPI3vBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T04:07:07.409171Z"},"content_sha256":"12a70ebef1cb8a0ecf7b1574837da1890a17553abbc8d4c45824fda8908acd69","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:12a70ebef1cb8a0ecf7b1574837da1890a17553abbc8d4c45824fda8908acd69"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Modelling the development of counting with memory-augmented neural networks","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.NE"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Jonathan Cohen, Taylor Webb, Zack Dulberg","submitted_at":"2021-05-21T21:17:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"Learning to count is an important example of the broader human capacity for systematic generalization, and the development of counting is often characterized by an inflection point when children rapidly acquire proficiency with the procedures that support this ability. We aimed to model this process by training a reinforcement learning agent to select N items from a binary vector when instructed (known as the give-$N$ task). We found that a memory-augmented modular network architecture based on the recently proposed Emergent Symbol Binding Network (ESBN) exhibited an inflection during learning"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.10577","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2105.10577/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ta8QRTbqcfvc6O19mCu4vAMb65NdLYvKsBfBKjLMnUNWEPnhjrWT5ZZpcGU2NjJ7G+ngqzaL83QT2/Oj38RJAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T04:07:07.410127Z"},"content_sha256":"6975ec6e6614b567117d9ff96524a7cdbe20d2e767a9d9d119cba6db3c81964a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6975ec6e6614b567117d9ff96524a7cdbe20d2e767a9d9d119cba6db3c81964a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T04:07:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRVC7H4QM4DE7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c523c7845fea53a5e3224636649e79e8e98929e0e7cc41c4165b192dba6e8cd8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-21T21:17:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"3a4f685ca634f51d24d4493a8a002a45f35506a22b723cdc3d5cbca97d239da7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.10577","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.10577","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.10577v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.10577","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3WCJ3ZMVHC5H","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3WCJ3ZMVHC5H6HRV","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3WCJ3ZMV","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6975ec6e6614b567117d9ff96524a7cdbe20d2e767a9d9d119cba6db3c81964a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2105.10577/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Learning to count is an important example of the broader human capacity for systematic generalization, and the development of counting is often characterized by an inflection point when children rapidly acquire proficiency with the procedures that support this ability. We aimed to model this process by training a reinforcement learning agent to select N items from a binary vector when instructed (known as the give-$N$ task). We found that a memory-augmented modular network architecture based on the recently proposed Emergent Symbol Binding Network (ESBN) exhibited an inflection during learning","authors_text":"Jonathan Cohen, Taylor Webb, Zack Dulberg","cross_cats":["cs.NE"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-21T21:17:06Z","title":"Modelling the development of counting with memory-augmented neural networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.10577","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:12a70ebef1cb8a0ecf7b1574837da1890a17553abbc8d4c45824fda8908acd69","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c523c7845fea53a5e3224636649e79e8e98929e0e7cc41c4165b192dba6e8cd8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-21T21:17:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"3a4f685ca634f51d24d4493a8a002a45f35506a22b723cdc3d5cbca97d239da7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.10577","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"dd849de59538ba7f1e3517cfc8338327d32f17fb814aeefb62febfc3318d7325","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"dd849de59538ba7f1e3517cfc8338327d32f17fb814aeefb62febfc3318d7325","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15.922527Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15.922527Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"luNVyERR5IIptmvH+NL1ruE1NiuYdt4IRxcQGQNpksBT+PpWdXMhhILPW0NuuHlBDFX0jG6F0Fyi9dp3gx1oAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:42:15.922877Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2105.10577","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:12a70ebef1cb8a0ecf7b1574837da1890a17553abbc8d4c45824fda8908acd69","sha256:6975ec6e6614b567117d9ff96524a7cdbe20d2e767a9d9d119cba6db3c81964a"],"state_sha256":"e9cd8538c1bb2c262f0276d4e34bf75d5a0e3fa4ea827c8ed5f18fc818e76433"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qyct4Rof1GAcD5yaACsUlq9smB0zSvCnKa8k7Z2ylHhhiRF/S8k8EtuEWn4ujU8U6oH6z+s6gnCxmgZGSlWECA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T04:07:07.416145Z","bundle_sha256":"371bff31b178b97a04947433f529f02fe2d36ed4ecb65febc097f373807ff0ca"}}