{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC","short_pith_number":"pith:3YKEXMJR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.12668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-04-26T15:53:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bd216385e6e321b253ed5cf99401b60bcbf363660d1b5e70d9c21f21a1baf3a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"958ec2a62637656bf7167de94de991b35699e10608e48e1b4bb92fc014103c24"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"de144bb1318c37383b72866631e3d120abc37bb7d978f569ac90559e3c4b94ec","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2104.12668","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.12668","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.12668v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.12668","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3YKEXMJRRQ3T","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3S","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3YKEXMJR","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.12668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-04-26T15:53:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bd216385e6e321b253ed5cf99401b60bcbf363660d1b5e70d9c21f21a1baf3a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"958ec2a62637656bf7167de94de991b35699e10608e48e1b4bb92fc014103c24"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"de144bb1318c37383b72866631e3d120abc37bb7d978f569ac90559e3c4b94ec","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37.539224Z","signature_b64":"R8BudBHbnjF/f5Ok0wAEIsnUq5F6V94v8mx3RhUd68GXScUTmgTa3EcRkMkrBN+sTayHpovMNplDoqH04m5YCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"de144bb1318c37383b72866631e3d120abc37bb7d978f569ac90559e3c4b94ec","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37.538746Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37.538746Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2104.12668","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TdNAnld4tXdNMLIe394H3vBpy7fKjDnYp/D0uSvJenl41XZFg9fP6E7DXuOsHsOSoWdPM18Bjiw6nbogZkmvDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T17:52:32.636586Z"},"content_sha256":"3d8091032abd0e6be0425b3b8416edc85809af8a879e5160e7871c2ad8e0f151","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3d8091032abd0e6be0425b3b8416edc85809af8a879e5160e7871c2ad8e0f151"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmark","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Feng Lu, Haofei Wang, Yihua Cheng, Yiwei Bao","submitted_at":"2021-04-26T15:53:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Human gaze provides valuable information on human focus and intentions, making it a crucial area of research. Recently, deep learning has revolutionized appearance-based gaze estimation. However, due to the unique features of gaze estimation research, such as the unfair comparison between 2D gaze positions and 3D gaze vectors and the different pre-processing and post-processing methods, there is a lack of a definitive guideline for developing deep learning-based gaze estimation algorithms. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the appearance-based gaze estimation methods using deep "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.12668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2104.12668/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"E3LqiY3BA0o6b0gyQ/thJBgSDyGZPSXRn/wKxypkaV975FmcsS8mCVV5brS3SxOIvpnmN80j171NiEwEz41iCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T17:52:32.637095Z"},"content_sha256":"62537689c28e55472589d7a71293c322d7286dda0ec75fd21694cb48a5c13fe0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:62537689c28e55472589d7a71293c322d7286dda0ec75fd21694cb48a5c13fe0"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-22T17:52:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3SQZTDDY6REC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"958ec2a62637656bf7167de94de991b35699e10608e48e1b4bb92fc014103c24","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-04-26T15:53:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"bd216385e6e321b253ed5cf99401b60bcbf363660d1b5e70d9c21f21a1baf3a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.12668","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.12668","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.12668v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.12668","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"3YKEXMJRRQ3T","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"3YKEXMJRRQ3TQO3S","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"3YKEXMJR","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:62537689c28e55472589d7a71293c322d7286dda0ec75fd21694cb48a5c13fe0","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2104.12668/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Human gaze provides valuable information on human focus and intentions, making it a crucial area of research. Recently, deep learning has revolutionized appearance-based gaze estimation. However, due to the unique features of gaze estimation research, such as the unfair comparison between 2D gaze positions and 3D gaze vectors and the different pre-processing and post-processing methods, there is a lack of a definitive guideline for developing deep learning-based gaze estimation algorithms. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the appearance-based gaze estimation methods using deep ","authors_text":"Feng Lu, Haofei Wang, Yihua Cheng, Yiwei Bao","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-04-26T15:53:03Z","title":"Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmark"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.12668","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3d8091032abd0e6be0425b3b8416edc85809af8a879e5160e7871c2ad8e0f151","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"958ec2a62637656bf7167de94de991b35699e10608e48e1b4bb92fc014103c24","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2021-04-26T15:53:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"bd216385e6e321b253ed5cf99401b60bcbf363660d1b5e70d9c21f21a1baf3a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.12668","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"de144bb1318c37383b72866631e3d120abc37bb7d978f569ac90559e3c4b94ec","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"de144bb1318c37383b72866631e3d120abc37bb7d978f569ac90559e3c4b94ec","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37.538746Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37.538746Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"R8BudBHbnjF/f5Ok0wAEIsnUq5F6V94v8mx3RhUd68GXScUTmgTa3EcRkMkrBN+sTayHpovMNplDoqH04m5YCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:11:37.539224Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2104.12668","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3d8091032abd0e6be0425b3b8416edc85809af8a879e5160e7871c2ad8e0f151","sha256:62537689c28e55472589d7a71293c322d7286dda0ec75fd21694cb48a5c13fe0"],"state_sha256":"0776263199615c1a7988d7b2de73fc29bcc17bded29bbe075078b21fd9238d55"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"R6NiSggUNilj9n4riBt1SFj+nHqxvRcheK/bJexYg2CkFQDkPdpNZygnaleWWUS9v8iTrarqPAJ8KR66Sc2+AQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T17:52:32.641344Z","bundle_sha256":"c2d551e6bf421e6557b6a20388e17deb15fce473de2c201c3c58eae6f3250f8f"}}