{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:47ETIBDYWY7BRWIU4UZNC7HRPF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"50af773bab320943619ab0bab78e5b7b143ee57030a4ab7a41be0e897f96fcb0","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.AP"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-11-15T23:16:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"e31e5f3171567a0b644a1aedfd955647936874ba4a9efe046ea6799e70f65a5f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.04780","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.04780","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.04780v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.04780","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"47ETIBDYWY7B","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"47ETIBDYWY7BRWIU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"47ETIBDY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0848bd92543716a33d9abf69de32a5c6d5dc704a90622f66e83572f70a5ea314","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Causal terminology is often introduced in the interpretation of encoding and decoding models trained on neuroimaging data. In this article, we investigate which causal statements are warranted and which ones are not supported by empirical evidence. We argue that the distinction between encoding and decoding models is not sufficient for this purpose: relevant features in encoding and decoding models carry a different meaning in stimulus- and in response-based experimental paradigms. We show that only encoding models in the stimulus-based setting support unambiguous causal interpretations. By co","authors_text":"Bernhard Sch\\\"olkopf, Moritz Grosse-Wentrup, Ozan \\\"Ozdenizci, Sebastian Weichwald, Timm Meyer, Tonio Ball","cross_cats":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.AP"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-11-15T23:16:10Z","title":"Causal interpretation rules for encoding and decoding models in neuroimaging"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.04780","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7e99e1a067c30a50ca53dcdfdfd1fc0eb0ac5dc8a0eff32138428d3554e1363c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"50af773bab320943619ab0bab78e5b7b143ee57030a4ab7a41be0e897f96fcb0","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.AP"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-11-15T23:16:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"e31e5f3171567a0b644a1aedfd955647936874ba4a9efe046ea6799e70f65a5f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.04780","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e7c9340478b63e18d914e532d17cf1794185f9094e8e17bad353a824385120eb","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e7c9340478b63e18d914e532d17cf1794185f9094e8e17bad353a824385120eb","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51.702748Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51.702748Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"5KdfVUl/m+lgcqaswh/ZZQTNfEqiW8qmxTXzROJHg5n8kaRGgaHDjBCTGhZoqmmXv0Ka6OyrsjgTjhMEu2eyAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:26:51.703518Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1511.04780","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7e99e1a067c30a50ca53dcdfdfd1fc0eb0ac5dc8a0eff32138428d3554e1363c","sha256:0848bd92543716a33d9abf69de32a5c6d5dc704a90622f66e83572f70a5ea314"],"state_sha256":"ceb88de44adae9b809f79b9793a78d1ed795d40f59118dce6f83fdec89ac8d2e"}