{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK","short_pith_number":"pith:47GKIL24","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.05936","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-12T03:20:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"4652a1acbad240c744e1bc5409734c7ed8110c17a921fcc529a9b4f03c98740a","abstract_canon_sha256":"05928dfd62ff5413549127ed336ba7323349d92be88122dfff56708d9c6e86b9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e7cca42f5cd189915b5abb8e23f4e04abc95c7741af1d8ec063bcf8671aec541","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2309.05936","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.05936","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.05936v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.05936","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"47GKIL242GEZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"47GKIL242GEZCW22","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"47GKIL24","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.05936","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-12T03:20:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"4652a1acbad240c744e1bc5409734c7ed8110c17a921fcc529a9b4f03c98740a","abstract_canon_sha256":"05928dfd62ff5413549127ed336ba7323349d92be88122dfff56708d9c6e86b9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e7cca42f5cd189915b5abb8e23f4e04abc95c7741af1d8ec063bcf8671aec541","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49.032347Z","signature_b64":"TwKWUg0SISOonw2qRrHcmvaUdRmuyuoaIRLxJ6piOPA6Cl4dx8uZ03wyHDMIk4FDglMWno2arm77hQ0jpj6eDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e7cca42f5cd189915b5abb8e23f4e04abc95c7741af1d8ec063bcf8671aec541","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49.031921Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49.031921Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2309.05936","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jq9bCbPJ/4Pm/mrMCOTRWrK4Fv4ND6+cpf6qT0Ua+shyXeZwS7j05dwipXk1uKRyMVSO0Nycx3oyoz4cxZ0/Cw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T11:52:26.785521Z"},"content_sha256":"a05dd08bb1215b6c537746f3cacfba88361292400975be8f227d159f8b613f20","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a05dd08bb1215b6c537746f3cacfba88361292400975be8f227d159f8b613f20"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Do PLMs Know and Understand Ontological Knowledge?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Chengyue Jiang, Kewei Tu, Pengjun Xie, Weiqi Wu, Yong Jiang","submitted_at":"2023-09-12T03:20:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"Ontological knowledge, which comprises classes and properties and their relationships, is integral to world knowledge. It is significant to explore whether Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) know and understand such knowledge. However, existing PLM-probing studies focus mainly on factual knowledge, lacking a systematic probing of ontological knowledge. In this paper, we focus on probing whether PLMs store ontological knowledge and have a semantic understanding of the knowledge rather than rote memorization of the surface form. To probe whether PLMs know ontological knowledge, we investigate how"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.05936","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2309.05936/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FNIQwZ5JklywsC1Vo0PkQHwwworrJsyYODceoHUu/DEt4waeEzY6DplsRf2YqLuOToTSB/CfC4I/n5nGjnUsBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T11:52:26.786122Z"},"content_sha256":"aface55f2b4c6638352a0f59161730c67e9e6195111518460b18c7f33617675b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:aface55f2b4c6638352a0f59161730c67e9e6195111518460b18c7f33617675b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-23T11:52:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:47GKIL242GEZCW22XOHCH5HAJK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"05928dfd62ff5413549127ed336ba7323349d92be88122dfff56708d9c6e86b9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-12T03:20:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"4652a1acbad240c744e1bc5409734c7ed8110c17a921fcc529a9b4f03c98740a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.05936","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.05936","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.05936v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.05936","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"47GKIL242GEZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"47GKIL242GEZCW22","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"47GKIL24","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:aface55f2b4c6638352a0f59161730c67e9e6195111518460b18c7f33617675b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2309.05936/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Ontological knowledge, which comprises classes and properties and their relationships, is integral to world knowledge. It is significant to explore whether Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) know and understand such knowledge. However, existing PLM-probing studies focus mainly on factual knowledge, lacking a systematic probing of ontological knowledge. In this paper, we focus on probing whether PLMs store ontological knowledge and have a semantic understanding of the knowledge rather than rote memorization of the surface form. To probe whether PLMs know ontological knowledge, we investigate how","authors_text":"Chengyue Jiang, Kewei Tu, Pengjun Xie, Weiqi Wu, Yong Jiang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-12T03:20:50Z","title":"Do PLMs Know and Understand Ontological Knowledge?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.05936","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a05dd08bb1215b6c537746f3cacfba88361292400975be8f227d159f8b613f20","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"05928dfd62ff5413549127ed336ba7323349d92be88122dfff56708d9c6e86b9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-12T03:20:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"4652a1acbad240c744e1bc5409734c7ed8110c17a921fcc529a9b4f03c98740a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.05936","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e7cca42f5cd189915b5abb8e23f4e04abc95c7741af1d8ec063bcf8671aec541","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e7cca42f5cd189915b5abb8e23f4e04abc95c7741af1d8ec063bcf8671aec541","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49.031921Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49.031921Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"TwKWUg0SISOonw2qRrHcmvaUdRmuyuoaIRLxJ6piOPA6Cl4dx8uZ03wyHDMIk4FDglMWno2arm77hQ0jpj6eDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:49:49.032347Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2309.05936","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a05dd08bb1215b6c537746f3cacfba88361292400975be8f227d159f8b613f20","sha256:aface55f2b4c6638352a0f59161730c67e9e6195111518460b18c7f33617675b"],"state_sha256":"a18f90e61550e7777e557a4cab33a07c42827dd9f4832162244f4de3b640562b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ygSPdWAXmkVL3Vzs8vudu7BrBs8oX62bLW2m0Dm+cG6pGICcYSCnJNompnhgQxnPaGwfM0SL1hvSca15SfDMCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T11:52:26.789594Z","bundle_sha256":"4be85ebfa23e0af1fbc9a51bee079e85288fe5ed3f97b0625f663585920e0103"}}