{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY","short_pith_number":"pith:4A5VUZI3","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1301.4734","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"nlin.PS","submitted_at":"2013-01-21T02:47:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.flu-dyn","physics.pop-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"44d9379940b749217d4d33da206d0deb233bb93637c3066605f739f2a2fb332d","abstract_canon_sha256":"7ea076474ebec129e0b009895f9aa57d2e6a473614d662b5d73e5f9f4e05d73c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e03b5a651b15f0eeaff71053426c245e192d92e3f0da1f53441ca9ffd13f2ae0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1301.4734","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1301.4734","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1301.4734v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1301.4734","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4A5VUZI3CXYO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7X","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4A5VUZI3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1301.4734","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"nlin.PS","submitted_at":"2013-01-21T02:47:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.flu-dyn","physics.pop-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"44d9379940b749217d4d33da206d0deb233bb93637c3066605f739f2a2fb332d","abstract_canon_sha256":"7ea076474ebec129e0b009895f9aa57d2e6a473614d662b5d73e5f9f4e05d73c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e03b5a651b15f0eeaff71053426c245e192d92e3f0da1f53441ca9ffd13f2ae0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05.382562Z","signature_b64":"3DOd042mcFNGUDogauuXoUmkiK3jbguq/6zaB/UhxV2eYA4Ot95izgtY4mND2qEv6eL5kOL0edOU0QuvnjxLCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e03b5a651b15f0eeaff71053426c245e192d92e3f0da1f53441ca9ffd13f2ae0","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05.382112Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05.382112Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1301.4734","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fBJkSFr1BRMptQSrLobfgweP0NvN/oalLB5AtHFd3XKiay4KSIsrahH5vo6a/C2InnUFF3qLrEN15/yPc50PAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T10:32:13.460225Z"},"content_sha256":"beaf09efb31e119401a33e6f727e06fcfdd41772163917f223a38037dcab533f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:beaf09efb31e119401a33e6f727e06fcfdd41772163917f223a38037dcab533f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On the origin and evolution of icicle ripples","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.soft","physics.flu-dyn","physics.pop-ph"],"primary_cat":"nlin.PS","authors_text":"Antony Szu-Han Chen, Stephen W. Morris","submitted_at":"2013-01-21T02:47:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"Natural icicles often exhibit ripples about their circumference which are due to a morphological instability. We present an experimental study that explores the origin of the instability, using laboratory-grown icicles. Contrary to theoretical expectations, icicles grown from pure water do not exhibit growing ripples. The addition of a non-ionic surfactant, which reduces the surface tension, does not produce ripples. Instead, ripples emerge on icicles grown from water with dissolved ionic impurities. We find that even very small levels of impurity are sufficient to trigger ripples, and that th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1301.4734","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QVnDUCuU65gKNX1wz/0NyBQSfgfl+4OcIIQDLOk3tqyf58fYEWr16aaqck3KBhodFqnYuLGNnhTM3Zz7i1tXAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T10:32:13.460593Z"},"content_sha256":"5086aae53f846ed0ae40e46b94b0ce057cbdaffdec60cde9f961ce770d314d2d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5086aae53f846ed0ae40e46b94b0ce057cbdaffdec60cde9f961ce770d314d2d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-11T10:32:13Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7XCBJUE3BELY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7ea076474ebec129e0b009895f9aa57d2e6a473614d662b5d73e5f9f4e05d73c","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.flu-dyn","physics.pop-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"nlin.PS","submitted_at":"2013-01-21T02:47:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"44d9379940b749217d4d33da206d0deb233bb93637c3066605f739f2a2fb332d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1301.4734","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1301.4734","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1301.4734v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1301.4734","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4A5VUZI3CXYO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4A5VUZI3CXYO5L7X","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4A5VUZI3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5086aae53f846ed0ae40e46b94b0ce057cbdaffdec60cde9f961ce770d314d2d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Natural icicles often exhibit ripples about their circumference which are due to a morphological instability. We present an experimental study that explores the origin of the instability, using laboratory-grown icicles. Contrary to theoretical expectations, icicles grown from pure water do not exhibit growing ripples. The addition of a non-ionic surfactant, which reduces the surface tension, does not produce ripples. Instead, ripples emerge on icicles grown from water with dissolved ionic impurities. We find that even very small levels of impurity are sufficient to trigger ripples, and that th","authors_text":"Antony Szu-Han Chen, Stephen W. Morris","cross_cats":["cond-mat.soft","physics.flu-dyn","physics.pop-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"nlin.PS","submitted_at":"2013-01-21T02:47:05Z","title":"On the origin and evolution of icicle ripples"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1301.4734","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:beaf09efb31e119401a33e6f727e06fcfdd41772163917f223a38037dcab533f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7ea076474ebec129e0b009895f9aa57d2e6a473614d662b5d73e5f9f4e05d73c","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.flu-dyn","physics.pop-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"nlin.PS","submitted_at":"2013-01-21T02:47:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"44d9379940b749217d4d33da206d0deb233bb93637c3066605f739f2a2fb332d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1301.4734","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"e03b5a651b15f0eeaff71053426c245e192d92e3f0da1f53441ca9ffd13f2ae0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e03b5a651b15f0eeaff71053426c245e192d92e3f0da1f53441ca9ffd13f2ae0","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05.382112Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05.382112Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"3DOd042mcFNGUDogauuXoUmkiK3jbguq/6zaB/UhxV2eYA4Ot95izgtY4mND2qEv6eL5kOL0edOU0QuvnjxLCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:52:05.382562Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1301.4734","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:beaf09efb31e119401a33e6f727e06fcfdd41772163917f223a38037dcab533f","sha256:5086aae53f846ed0ae40e46b94b0ce057cbdaffdec60cde9f961ce770d314d2d"],"state_sha256":"502238ee8bf98ce2906d8cddc73bf231b36f50739348182ea12ae46336788f12"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IyMCcTVWK2O4zNWKheAMXViAUi05Wp1wwcm6fRlxPSamwJ8h3+48dxanSkN/+SGDXvZ4CrCDLWYTS0ccvonxBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T10:32:13.462672Z","bundle_sha256":"ec0466b51fe9f336958e8f912a1ae06da331b71c261effb5317487de15a3c18b"}}