{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV","short_pith_number":"pith:4C7AFS3O","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.04218","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T16:09:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"3c73e25d8eac8fca7c834999288026c6181ad5ea9c2fa014de5ffb91294d931a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8876548f73f65eaa610f05424f78c1585c0b504a4945adece62ddbb0feede394"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e0be02cb6e2beedc0bd1e6f4d0357d9d5ba544b9cec3f3405e946bb2ac41bf65","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.04218","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.04218","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.04218v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.04218","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4C7AFS3OFPXN","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4C7AFS3O","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.04218","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T16:09:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"3c73e25d8eac8fca7c834999288026c6181ad5ea9c2fa014de5ffb91294d931a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8876548f73f65eaa610f05424f78c1585c0b504a4945adece62ddbb0feede394"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e0be02cb6e2beedc0bd1e6f4d0357d9d5ba544b9cec3f3405e946bb2ac41bf65","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08.384661Z","signature_b64":"VlY6uc0FdDZV7oVjgjxTCFcvxgimwUMuRbBRcvMZ/VI3Revdsy22Kj/+k3N5Ks/iswrErNjVONjgyIE755P2Bw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e0be02cb6e2beedc0bd1e6f4d0357d9d5ba544b9cec3f3405e946bb2ac41bf65","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08.384232Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08.384232Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.04218","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yscuETZLsHZ2ow33wbL1lwG3ufDM4fqkiHvJykHodzOowckh5cLEdk74VV3UdNmvgNWx2lSOCzSos4wnjC0QAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T05:12:39.103174Z"},"content_sha256":"18870aebef6f3589d849f45348da99e80ba46a2927344c54e64b4ab129cdcf93","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:18870aebef6f3589d849f45348da99e80ba46a2927344c54e64b4ab129cdcf93"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Asymptotic Validity and Finite-Sample Properties of Approximate Randomization Tests","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Panos Toulis","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T16:09:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"Randomization tests rely on simple data transformations and possess an appealing robustness property. In addition to being finite-sample valid if the data distribution is invariant under the transformation, these tests can be asymptotically valid under a suitable studentization of the test statistic, even if the invariance does not hold. However, practical implementation often encounters noisy data, resulting in approximate randomization tests that may not be as robust. In this paper, our key theoretical contribution is a non-asymptotic bound on the discrepancy between the size of an approxima"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.04218","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.04218/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AISX8n8T2fOqgq5/TAjVkYEHjHpOsO2JL+loh2sl/Sb8647H04UtebFIIkT7Mk+iErwLdk6uWYl7t9pC06dTAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T05:12:39.103682Z"},"content_sha256":"22fd79e380d0bebcdbd15300bd48a9f93c053af89614c2e93c9f37538218dce2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:22fd79e380d0bebcdbd15300bd48a9f93c053af89614c2e93c9f37538218dce2"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-19T05:12:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R432NANL5TV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8876548f73f65eaa610f05424f78c1585c0b504a4945adece62ddbb0feede394","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T16:09:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"3c73e25d8eac8fca7c834999288026c6181ad5ea9c2fa014de5ffb91294d931a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.04218","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.04218","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.04218v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.04218","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4C7AFS3OFPXN","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4C7AFS3OFPXNYC6R","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4C7AFS3O","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:22fd79e380d0bebcdbd15300bd48a9f93c053af89614c2e93c9f37538218dce2","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.04218/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Randomization tests rely on simple data transformations and possess an appealing robustness property. In addition to being finite-sample valid if the data distribution is invariant under the transformation, these tests can be asymptotically valid under a suitable studentization of the test statistic, even if the invariance does not hold. However, practical implementation often encounters noisy data, resulting in approximate randomization tests that may not be as robust. In this paper, our key theoretical contribution is a non-asymptotic bound on the discrepancy between the size of an approxima","authors_text":"Panos Toulis","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T16:09:15Z","title":"Asymptotic Validity and Finite-Sample Properties of Approximate Randomization Tests"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.04218","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:18870aebef6f3589d849f45348da99e80ba46a2927344c54e64b4ab129cdcf93","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8876548f73f65eaa610f05424f78c1585c0b504a4945adece62ddbb0feede394","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-12T16:09:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"3c73e25d8eac8fca7c834999288026c6181ad5ea9c2fa014de5ffb91294d931a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.04218","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"e0be02cb6e2beedc0bd1e6f4d0357d9d5ba544b9cec3f3405e946bb2ac41bf65","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e0be02cb6e2beedc0bd1e6f4d0357d9d5ba544b9cec3f3405e946bb2ac41bf65","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08.384232Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08.384232Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"VlY6uc0FdDZV7oVjgjxTCFcvxgimwUMuRbBRcvMZ/VI3Revdsy22Kj/+k3N5Ks/iswrErNjVONjgyIE755P2Bw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:10:08.384661Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.04218","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:18870aebef6f3589d849f45348da99e80ba46a2927344c54e64b4ab129cdcf93","sha256:22fd79e380d0bebcdbd15300bd48a9f93c053af89614c2e93c9f37538218dce2"],"state_sha256":"370e2e9cb40f4c223ff7eb7a0a4c129d601cbfa814bd35634321c23d74100ecb"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hHttEg054sd/QiN9yhHCOHLr00EaSX1SheDcR3AlF8UFJyKi82fgUtU4SPOw2KJgRY6q35qv3UOTn/x3iwbDBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T05:12:39.109049Z","bundle_sha256":"71021d67d3379199252f85e2821fd725b9b1ba110f6795592ba17d2817719d19"}}