{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z","short_pith_number":"pith:4FIAJ6D6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2109.01104","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-02T17:27:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"title_canon_sha256":"0c06669b6802772ebb9ea5df0ec6e60469fbcaf2c94bb8f630d3c1ffdb891125","abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e17e1e1c29a96f2ea28b143485bcb4549a5a1395fde007ee87ed1ea9d09eaa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e15004f87ebd18e5fd23da33a9342ed640615ca98a997e902d51b097a9b3ad15","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2109.01104","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2109.01104","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2109.01104v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2109.01104","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4FIAJ6D6XUMO","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4FIAJ6D6","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2109.01104","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-02T17:27:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"title_canon_sha256":"0c06669b6802772ebb9ea5df0ec6e60469fbcaf2c94bb8f630d3c1ffdb891125","abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e17e1e1c29a96f2ea28b143485bcb4549a5a1395fde007ee87ed1ea9d09eaa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e15004f87ebd18e5fd23da33a9342ed640615ca98a997e902d51b097a9b3ad15","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23.199934Z","signature_b64":"V11uEk9+5oLthznv/mam7aCzhjVThXUmS7RHZrSG8jAgIdmeTuQzE7rqFLEn+Xo8lh4jVR//9cBeS5EKWhKiBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e15004f87ebd18e5fd23da33a9342ed640615ca98a997e902d51b097a9b3ad15","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23.199485Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23.199485Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2109.01104","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Rq5A2Q1+3Adip97Dfa3sH7fl3JkO7BdE9Pa7IdO90ERkhCNFR0FYS57TFRxpA4Fmb6QG0iCthm228cXtjO75AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-12T19:01:52.629926Z"},"content_sha256":"333b60faa1352b88879b4303168862999501c7d931a2ac306d2e5c492c45e0da","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:333b60faa1352b88879b4303168862999501c7d931a2ac306d2e5c492c45e0da"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Far Side of DNS Amplification: Tracing the DDoS Attack Ecosystem from the Internet Core","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.NI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Marcin Nawrocki, Matthias W\\\"ahlisch, Mattijs Jonker, Thomas C. Schmidt","submitted_at":"2021-09-02T17:27:30Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we shed new light on the DNS amplification ecosystem, by studying complementary data sources, bolstered by orthogonal methodologies. First, we introduce a passive attack detection method for the Internet core, i.e., at Internet eXchange Points (IXPs). Surprisingly, IXPs and honeypots observe mostly disjoint sets of attacks: 96% of IXP-inferred attacks were invisible to a sizable honeypot platform. Second, we assess the effectiveness of observed DNS attacks by studying IXP traces jointly with diverse data from independent measurement infrastructures. We find that attackers effici"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2109.01104","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2109.01104/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rfnjb2zBEd57jc2l7o0IRGDLoCFIvmLHK2+GXkvtfjYgg09uHFrjPEKf+tTraOLga90B9KXkV0T4UhXTaB+KCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-12T19:01:52.630305Z"},"content_sha256":"786b32af8696a1c2609660fd37f03db1d2b3e0a913c398059873563804b052bb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:786b32af8696a1c2609660fd37f03db1d2b3e0a913c398059873563804b052bb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-12T19:01:52Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD3IZ2SNBO2Z","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e17e1e1c29a96f2ea28b143485bcb4549a5a1395fde007ee87ed1ea9d09eaa","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-02T17:27:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"0c06669b6802772ebb9ea5df0ec6e60469fbcaf2c94bb8f630d3c1ffdb891125"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2109.01104","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2109.01104","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2109.01104v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2109.01104","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4FIAJ6D6XUMO","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4FIAJ6D6XUMOL7JD","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4FIAJ6D6","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:786b32af8696a1c2609660fd37f03db1d2b3e0a913c398059873563804b052bb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2109.01104/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we shed new light on the DNS amplification ecosystem, by studying complementary data sources, bolstered by orthogonal methodologies. First, we introduce a passive attack detection method for the Internet core, i.e., at Internet eXchange Points (IXPs). Surprisingly, IXPs and honeypots observe mostly disjoint sets of attacks: 96% of IXP-inferred attacks were invisible to a sizable honeypot platform. Second, we assess the effectiveness of observed DNS attacks by studying IXP traces jointly with diverse data from independent measurement infrastructures. We find that attackers effici","authors_text":"Marcin Nawrocki, Matthias W\\\"ahlisch, Mattijs Jonker, Thomas C. Schmidt","cross_cats":["cs.NI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-02T17:27:30Z","title":"The Far Side of DNS Amplification: Tracing the DDoS Attack Ecosystem from the Internet Core"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2109.01104","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:333b60faa1352b88879b4303168862999501c7d931a2ac306d2e5c492c45e0da","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f7e17e1e1c29a96f2ea28b143485bcb4549a5a1395fde007ee87ed1ea9d09eaa","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-02T17:27:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"0c06669b6802772ebb9ea5df0ec6e60469fbcaf2c94bb8f630d3c1ffdb891125"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2109.01104","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"e15004f87ebd18e5fd23da33a9342ed640615ca98a997e902d51b097a9b3ad15","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e15004f87ebd18e5fd23da33a9342ed640615ca98a997e902d51b097a9b3ad15","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23.199485Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23.199485Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"V11uEk9+5oLthznv/mam7aCzhjVThXUmS7RHZrSG8jAgIdmeTuQzE7rqFLEn+Xo8lh4jVR//9cBeS5EKWhKiBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:20:23.199934Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2109.01104","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:333b60faa1352b88879b4303168862999501c7d931a2ac306d2e5c492c45e0da","sha256:786b32af8696a1c2609660fd37f03db1d2b3e0a913c398059873563804b052bb"],"state_sha256":"ace1f10d45fbdc41fd0544eb80af96b06c115de805e81f6c87df187a6a6c4cf3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"63yZQ0MRqx+o+6BcKLAmnepYjwG89z5NPMI+/Pb/7yrQg9lZxrEIpDgeql7Oe4lUJ69iGjItUlCfep8XmEjdAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-12T19:01:52.632772Z","bundle_sha256":"2e240667f570f6560aadfad70ed6ed425e2ec493a4951d5185adda6448da4796"}}