{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2015:4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB","short_pith_number":"pith:4HW4CWYX","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"e1edc15b172ae6bcaaa10be40e0a57c046a14f4024577878f058bf1f725634cf","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1504.04504","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Why GPS makes distances bigger than they are","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","authors_text":"Peter Ranacher, Richard Brunauer, Siegfried Reich, Stefan Christiaan Van der Spek, Wolfgang Trutschnig","submitted_at":"2015-04-17T13:39:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), are among the most important sensors for movement analysis. GPS is widely used to record the trajectories of vehicles, animals and human beings. However, all GPS movement data are affected by both measurement and interpolation error. In this article we show that measurement error causes a systematic bias in distances recorded with a GPS: the distance between two points recorded with a GPS is -- on average -- bigger than the true distance between these points. This systematic `overestimation of distance' be"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1504.04504","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","submitted_at":"2015-04-17T13:39:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8c5ce7b1056b2e2eda4f25ad2c715af2c20bb3440da846c23f3b9dedf38176d0","abstract_canon_sha256":"ad1d3b50bb4eb2915a7a1109ef1e14b2568c279dc7d57833b6065c35bac6d976"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.873077Z","signature_b64":"g8KV6qpi3vBiy3PxPTfSCeYeU2GWhOr0eMc2KJTTv9l4grbsI7ztDe5BZvLfkNZ13sKmwGtIVYY7+4Kq2UsFAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e1edc15b172ae6bcaaa10be40e0a57c046a14f4024577878f058bf1f725634cf","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.872293Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.872293Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Why GPS makes distances bigger than they are","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","authors_text":"Peter Ranacher, Richard Brunauer, Siegfried Reich, Stefan Christiaan Van der Spek, Wolfgang Trutschnig","submitted_at":"2015-04-17T13:39:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), are among the most important sensors for movement analysis. GPS is widely used to record the trajectories of vehicles, animals and human beings. However, all GPS movement data are affected by both measurement and interpolation error. In this article we show that measurement error causes a systematic bias in distances recorded with a GPS: the distance between two points recorded with a GPS is -- on average -- bigger than the true distance between these points. This systematic `overestimation of distance' be"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1504.04504","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1504.04504","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.872436+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1504.04504v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.872436+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1504.04504","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.872436+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4HW4CWYXFLTL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05.191682+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05.191682+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4HW4CWYX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05.191682+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB","json":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/4HW4CWYX"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/4HW4CWYX","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1504.04504&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/4HW4CWYXFLTLZKVBBPSA4CSXYB/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.872436+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:53.872436+00:00"}