{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ","short_pith_number":"pith:4LCH52YA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2504.15386","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T18:54:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"fc6d40c9e6bb119649307b4d86e1778f9062e2ea4e1c8dd344cf704dbe4f3388","abstract_canon_sha256":"583d2ccad7480f2f0fd77afac1b765a5e6596e3a00dc2c896bc47c0b304b0ab3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e2c47eeb00eee2163760a16312bf38864b4d938d5c7880ca71de565b2eed0b58","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2504.15386","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2504.15386","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2504.15386v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.15386","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4LCH52YA53RB","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4LCH52YA53RBMN3A","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4LCH52YA","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2504.15386","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T18:54:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"fc6d40c9e6bb119649307b4d86e1778f9062e2ea4e1c8dd344cf704dbe4f3388","abstract_canon_sha256":"583d2ccad7480f2f0fd77afac1b765a5e6596e3a00dc2c896bc47c0b304b0ab3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e2c47eeb00eee2163760a16312bf38864b4d938d5c7880ca71de565b2eed0b58","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01.973029Z","signature_b64":"DUOOhQeUK32MlVmmvqXXxvlB4vhChk82kWKBBujNDuxdXgpEo31MApP/oeipJ9VxHOkdxGr34RY7/Jn0+bMKBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e2c47eeb00eee2163760a16312bf38864b4d938d5c7880ca71de565b2eed0b58","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01.972567Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01.972567Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2504.15386","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wm6DozREodWLSZa+kfcxQCLnV5JQtN/NayZ/6qI3BSXJKm/7za8ou9U+5Yfokxs7Ced4Q5T/Rnm3XnoGyck5AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T05:14:05.259189Z"},"content_sha256":"a0adc90ff437db4b13d1a309a7145353ff71e4b8a50b74d556033bee4961cf17","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a0adc90ff437db4b13d1a309a7145353ff71e4b8a50b74d556033bee4961cf17"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Assessing Surrogate Heterogeneity in Real World Data Using Meta-Learners","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Layla Parast, Rebecca Knowlton","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T18:54:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"Surrogate markers are most commonly studied within the context of randomized clinical trials. However, the need for alternative outcomes extends beyond these settings and may be more pronounced in real-world public health and social science research, where randomized trials are often impractical. Research on identifying surrogates in real-world non-randomized data is scarce, as available statistical approaches for evaluating surrogate markers tend to rely on the assumption that treatment is randomized. While the few methods that allow for non-randomized treatment/exposure appropriately handle "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2504.15386","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2504.15386/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0VrK99gIlFEth3F+XJkh+YAyeZc7E1ZXNufI9WIYFyEBW7FA6QVYD2EhyPBf4Opeh8oVIIOtuloMdSuKs4SnCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T05:14:05.259561Z"},"content_sha256":"d5afc78f5c58aebecf6b3e3d7b14da2c1af839f889917d2be15aa859157178b9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d5afc78f5c58aebecf6b3e3d7b14da2c1af839f889917d2be15aa859157178b9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-23T05:14:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:4LCH52YA53RBMN3AUFRRFPZYQZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"583d2ccad7480f2f0fd77afac1b765a5e6596e3a00dc2c896bc47c0b304b0ab3","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T18:54:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"fc6d40c9e6bb119649307b4d86e1778f9062e2ea4e1c8dd344cf704dbe4f3388"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2504.15386","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2504.15386","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2504.15386v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.15386","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4LCH52YA53RB","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4LCH52YA53RBMN3A","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4LCH52YA","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d5afc78f5c58aebecf6b3e3d7b14da2c1af839f889917d2be15aa859157178b9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2504.15386/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Surrogate markers are most commonly studied within the context of randomized clinical trials. However, the need for alternative outcomes extends beyond these settings and may be more pronounced in real-world public health and social science research, where randomized trials are often impractical. Research on identifying surrogates in real-world non-randomized data is scarce, as available statistical approaches for evaluating surrogate markers tend to rely on the assumption that treatment is randomized. While the few methods that allow for non-randomized treatment/exposure appropriately handle ","authors_text":"Layla Parast, Rebecca Knowlton","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T18:54:48Z","title":"Assessing Surrogate Heterogeneity in Real World Data Using Meta-Learners"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2504.15386","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a0adc90ff437db4b13d1a309a7145353ff71e4b8a50b74d556033bee4961cf17","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"583d2ccad7480f2f0fd77afac1b765a5e6596e3a00dc2c896bc47c0b304b0ab3","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-04-21T18:54:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"fc6d40c9e6bb119649307b4d86e1778f9062e2ea4e1c8dd344cf704dbe4f3388"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2504.15386","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e2c47eeb00eee2163760a16312bf38864b4d938d5c7880ca71de565b2eed0b58","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e2c47eeb00eee2163760a16312bf38864b4d938d5c7880ca71de565b2eed0b58","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01.972567Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01.972567Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"DUOOhQeUK32MlVmmvqXXxvlB4vhChk82kWKBBujNDuxdXgpEo31MApP/oeipJ9VxHOkdxGr34RY7/Jn0+bMKBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:52:01.973029Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2504.15386","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a0adc90ff437db4b13d1a309a7145353ff71e4b8a50b74d556033bee4961cf17","sha256:d5afc78f5c58aebecf6b3e3d7b14da2c1af839f889917d2be15aa859157178b9"],"state_sha256":"51a043296e9d7567e6e742bbf13f2b4de1be7f95a989fa460bd93e22c1fba8e7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rIWjsUovtctpSjOJ1onDY3HCNQa+EBZsNvWZR/PnISqAZ5EQHcfjVd7qLjh/8bJpPYQBKojm26+xB0QMYX9tBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T05:14:05.262652Z","bundle_sha256":"5a00dba1b08eaeff3f1609491bb07ec90044b90e6851b3f4f761c7fd69b1ce01"}}