{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG","short_pith_number":"pith:4MU7EIC5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.02020","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DL","submitted_at":"2023-04-03T21:46:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CY","cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"2be657f35847731485cb39d73323d41e578ae92f209149ac78a8c11fffa7d725","abstract_canon_sha256":"f595556c47bb209dfeb679e67cf529dd64472ee273e967a6f0b5e99e1572985d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e329f2205d3b951dee65de07283f74c1a0e2c2b5c57e18bb3d6e37c9f8674608","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2304.02020","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.02020","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.02020v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.02020","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4MU7EIC5HOKR","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4MU7EIC5","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.02020","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DL","submitted_at":"2023-04-03T21:46:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CY","cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"2be657f35847731485cb39d73323d41e578ae92f209149ac78a8c11fffa7d725","abstract_canon_sha256":"f595556c47bb209dfeb679e67cf529dd64472ee273e967a6f0b5e99e1572985d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e329f2205d3b951dee65de07283f74c1a0e2c2b5c57e18bb3d6e37c9f8674608","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21.249236Z","signature_b64":"kv2Fh/6r5m6T/0AFu9ntExcu0C23CYqv5LwlcYIMaJgcO3hzePaJ76GPVviUPQJVeB76SZA/apYaOQec4H/BBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e329f2205d3b951dee65de07283f74c1a0e2c2b5c57e18bb3d6e37c9f8674608","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21.248747Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21.248747Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2304.02020","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iSwml4qltZTcFkCMagW0LGqjrIgEGcXv6T7bNTgHsvFlZQOIQEpWr60aKm2/1x0HnjBohlbA380PRFMn3BEIBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T14:01:31.147751Z"},"content_sha256":"b50930f42b3854410c14db150f11a83d0b8e4dd8dff74698e667376d6c5d5ee7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b50930f42b3854410c14db150f11a83d0b8e4dd8dff74698e667376d6c5d5ee7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Bibliometric Review of Large Language Models Research from 2017 to 2023","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.CY","cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.DL","authors_text":"Huizi Yu, Libby Hemphill, Lingyao Li, Lizhou Fan, Sanggyu Lee, Zihui Ma","submitted_at":"2023-04-03T21:46:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) are a class of language models that have demonstrated outstanding performance across a range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks and have become a highly sought-after research area, because of their ability to generate human-like language and their potential to revolutionize science and technology. In this study, we conduct bibliometric and discourse analyses of scholarly literature on LLMs. Synthesizing over 5,000 publications, this paper serves as a roadmap for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to navigate the current landscape of LLMs research."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.02020","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2304.02020/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"U3/xwCPF6MwyWpV5KDMSk/UuveFGBFUzbkTovCMMs5lPxqP5UQ8YecGxYOtX0sqd6PcevE9uetKmVLYTjkwFAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T14:01:31.148375Z"},"content_sha256":"0a1a381bcc8a7e9c3061a96f97bde2a635b543099ba5855ac06c9892a21b7dc0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0a1a381bcc8a7e9c3061a96f97bde2a635b543099ba5855ac06c9892a21b7dc0"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T14:01:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF3YDSQP3UYG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f595556c47bb209dfeb679e67cf529dd64472ee273e967a6f0b5e99e1572985d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CY","cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DL","submitted_at":"2023-04-03T21:46:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"2be657f35847731485cb39d73323d41e578ae92f209149ac78a8c11fffa7d725"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.02020","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.02020","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.02020v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.02020","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4MU7EIC5HOKR","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4MU7EIC5HOKR33TF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4MU7EIC5","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0a1a381bcc8a7e9c3061a96f97bde2a635b543099ba5855ac06c9892a21b7dc0","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2304.02020/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) are a class of language models that have demonstrated outstanding performance across a range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks and have become a highly sought-after research area, because of their ability to generate human-like language and their potential to revolutionize science and technology. In this study, we conduct bibliometric and discourse analyses of scholarly literature on LLMs. Synthesizing over 5,000 publications, this paper serves as a roadmap for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to navigate the current landscape of LLMs research.","authors_text":"Huizi Yu, Libby Hemphill, Lingyao Li, Lizhou Fan, Sanggyu Lee, Zihui Ma","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.CY","cs.SI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DL","submitted_at":"2023-04-03T21:46:41Z","title":"A Bibliometric Review of Large Language Models Research from 2017 to 2023"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.02020","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b50930f42b3854410c14db150f11a83d0b8e4dd8dff74698e667376d6c5d5ee7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f595556c47bb209dfeb679e67cf529dd64472ee273e967a6f0b5e99e1572985d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CY","cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DL","submitted_at":"2023-04-03T21:46:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"2be657f35847731485cb39d73323d41e578ae92f209149ac78a8c11fffa7d725"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.02020","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e329f2205d3b951dee65de07283f74c1a0e2c2b5c57e18bb3d6e37c9f8674608","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e329f2205d3b951dee65de07283f74c1a0e2c2b5c57e18bb3d6e37c9f8674608","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21.248747Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21.248747Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"kv2Fh/6r5m6T/0AFu9ntExcu0C23CYqv5LwlcYIMaJgcO3hzePaJ76GPVviUPQJVeB76SZA/apYaOQec4H/BBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:21.249236Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2304.02020","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b50930f42b3854410c14db150f11a83d0b8e4dd8dff74698e667376d6c5d5ee7","sha256:0a1a381bcc8a7e9c3061a96f97bde2a635b543099ba5855ac06c9892a21b7dc0"],"state_sha256":"2eab93675064357eefa7d73a6f5c1dc9a8438dbf67e46919cf148ede154a935d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IIsCvdkeuBb3g2cXHCGM4x0qUPg85ekZvLnbS02zWZPZYTel4XMemMQ/9Bxse7lYTnKQznrqXbKv7G76Cpd8Dg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T14:01:31.154689Z","bundle_sha256":"c92fc905107884f6995322f6e86ba4f9c6e759428d93c2b8c3cefd45de358cfd"}}